ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Prevalence and risk factors of high-risk HPV and cervical abnormalities in HIV-positive women in Bali, Indonesia.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- High-risk human papillomavirus positivity and associated factors among women living with HIV in public health facilities of Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are at higher risk of cervical cancer, particularly in regions like Indonesia where cervical cancer screening programs are limited. Bali has seen a rise in both HIV and cervical cancer cases, prompting the need for targeted interventions. This study investigates the prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities and associated risk factors among women with HIV in Bali, focusing on their relationship with high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2023, recruiting 245 women from HIV outpatient clinics in Bali. Demographic and clinical data were collected via interviews and physical examinations, including cervical swabs and blood samples. HPV genotyping was performed using ThinPrep cytology followed by a two-stage PCR process. The first stage utilized universal primers (MY09/11) for HPV detection, while the second stage employed type-specific primers to identify high-risk strains, (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,66 and 68. Blood samples were analyzed to determine CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts.
resultsOf 239 participants, 26 (10.87%) had abnormal cytology (6 cases (2.5%) of atypical squamous cells with high risk (ASC-H), 9 cases (3.8%) of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 4 cases (1.7%) of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (H-SIL), and 7 cases (2.9%) of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (L-SIL)). Furthermore, 58 participants (24%) were tested positive for HPV DNA, with HPV type 18 being the most prevalent (28% in all HPV-positive samples). HPV-positive women had a seven-fold higher risk of abnormal cytology (PR = 7.022, 95% CI = 3.223-15.295). Multivariate analysis revealed HPV 18 as an independent risk factor (ExpB = 9.029, p = 0.007) and a history of pap smear screening reduced HR-HPV risk (ExpB = 0.358, p = 0.013).
conclusionThis study highlights that 10.87% of HIV-positive women in Bali had abnormal cytology, with HPV 18 significantly linked to higher risk. A history of pap smear screening reduced HR-HPV risk. These findings underscore the need for robust cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination, particularly for younger women, to improve health outcomes in Indonesia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.