Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40154670›Full record

ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2025

Rural and urban trends in HIV diagnoses and care outcomes among persons with HIV attributed to injection drug use in the U.S., 2016-2022.

Barbara C Keino, Allison Thomson, Jianmin Li, Kristen L Hess

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Barbara C KeinoDivision of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Public Health Infrastructure Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: bkeino@cdc.gov.
Allison ThomsonDivision of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: athomson@cdc.gov.
Jianmin LiDivision of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: jbl8@cdc.gov.
Kristen L HessDivision of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: khess1@cdc.gov.

Funding

Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeAn increase in injection drug use (IDU) has placed new populations at risk for HIV. Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of HIV diagnoses and care outcomes is crucial to identify gaps in care for people who inject drugs (PWID).

methodsWe analyzed CDC's National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) data from 2016 to 2022 to examine regional trends and rural-urban differences in linkage to HIV care within one month and viral suppression within six months of diagnosis among individuals aged 13 and older with HIV attributed to IDU. Rural-urban populations were defined using US Department of Agriculture-Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS) Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC), and trends were assessed using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).

resultsFrom 2016-2022, HIV diagnoses attributed to IDU increased in large rural counties and small to medium urban counties but linkage to care and viral suppression remained unchanged in these areas. Conversely, diagnoses in large urban counties declined while linkage to care and viral suppression increased.

conclusionsThese findings highlight disparities in HIV diagnoses, linkage to care, and viral suppression across rural and urban areas, emphasizing the need to address these gaps to improve care for PWID and inform public health policies.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsRural PopulationSubstance Abuse, IntravenousUrban PopulationAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPopulation SurveillanceUnited StatesYoung AdultHIVHIV Care OutcomesHIV DiagnosisInjection Drug UseLinkage to HIV Medical CarePeople Who Inject DrugsViral Suppression

Identifiers

PMID40154670
PMCPMC13126152

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.