Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40151170›Full record

ArticleTransgender health2025

Gender-Affirmation Surgery Training in United States Academic Plastic Surgery Residency Programs.

Michael Ha, Ledibabari M Ngaage, Emily R Finkelstein, Caroline Simon, Nicholas Hricz, Kevin Zhu, Joshua Yoon, Fan Liang, Jens Berli, Yvonne Rasko

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Transgender health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Michael HaDivision of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0051-0273
Ledibabari M NgaageDivision of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Emily R FinkelsteinDivision of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-0912
Caroline SimonDivision of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Nicholas HriczDivision of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Kevin ZhuDivision of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Joshua YoonDivision of Plastic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Fan LiangDivision of Plastic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Jens BerliDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Yvonne RaskoDivision of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: Over 1.4 million American adults identify as transgender or nonbinary. Of these transgender persons, up to half will seek gender-affirmation surgery. The literature is void regarding the current state of gender-affirming surgical training provided to plastic surgery residents. This study reviews the quantity and type of transgender surgical education in American plastic surgery residency programs. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis on all accredited independent and integrated plastic surgery residency programs. Information on program curricula was collected from official program websites and email or telephone interviews with program coordinators. Education was categorized into didactic, clinical, or elective. Programs were classified according to geography and affiliation with a "Leaders in LGBT Healthcare" center. Results: This study included 130 programs. While 58% of programs provided clinical training ( Conclusion: Despite the growing demand for gender-affirmation surgery, a large percentage of plastic surgery residency programs do not have didactic or clinical training and no elective means by which to acquire it. Institutional features, including "Leader in LGBT Healthcare Equality" status and geographic location, can significantly influence the type of gender transition education in residency.

Indexed as

educationgender-affirmation surgeryplastic surgerytransgender

Identifiers

PMID40151170
PMCPMC11937788

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.