The Challenge of Exposing and Ending Health Inequalities through Social and Policy Change: Canadian Experiences.

The Canadian health system is often perceived as excellent. However, a closer examination of the political economy of health in Canada shows a radically different picture. It is a picture of persistent inequality and a history of the inability to address such inequality. Despite numerous public policy interventions to address preventable health inequalities-that is, health inequities-this societal problem persists. This research addresses how and why health inequities, especially class, race/ethnicity, and gender health inequities, persist in Canada and how to reduce such differences through public policy action. To address these questions, I performed a critical realist review, focusing on the political economy of health and policy change. Then I conducted a thematic analysis of the interview data gathered from 23 semi-structured interviews with leading Canadian policy academics, activists, and advocates. The results demonstrate that the capitalist economic system; the co-constitutives of capitalism, namely colonialism, racism, and sexism; and maldistributive public policies primarily cause health inequities in Canada. Canada's health inequities reduction requires pushing for redistributive public policies; uniting and strengthening labor unions, civil society groups, and social movements; and engaging in electoral politics. Reducing health inequities may involve struggling within and against capitalism and struggling for socialism.