Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40149771›Full record

ArticleBrain sciences2025

The Role of Well-Being, Divergent Thinking, and Cognitive Reserve in Different Socio-Cultural Contexts.

Francesca Garau, Alessandro Antonietti, Natale Salvatore Bonfiglio, Beatrice Madeddu, Maura Crepaldi, Jessica Giannì, Giulia Fusi, Laura Colautti, Virginia Maria Borsa, Massimiliano Palmiero and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Brain sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Creative thinking in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
    Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Francesca GarauDepartment of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09127 Cagliari, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1022-2091
Alessandro AntoniettiDepartment of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7212-8076
Natale Salvatore BonfiglioIRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy.
Beatrice MadedduDepartment of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09127 Cagliari, Italy.ORCID 0009-0004-2309-1213
Maura CrepaldiDepartment of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-7671-6679
Jessica GiannìDepartment of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy.ORCID 0009-0005-1742-3741
Giulia FusiDepartment of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-8468-5681
Laura ColauttiDepartment of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7803-3721
Virginia Maria BorsaDepartment of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-3843-5646
Massimiliano PalmieroDepartment of Communication Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-2051-0126
Maria Luisa RusconiDepartment of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9958-1498
Maria Pietronilla PennaDepartment of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09127 Cagliari, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0982-3893

Funding

Fondazione Cariplo 2018-0792
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMany protective factors promote psychological well-being (PWB) in the elderly and contribute to healthy aging, such as engagement, positive emotions, and cognitive reserve (CR), which includes education, leisure, and work activities. CR sustains cognitive functioning and positively correlates with creativity, particularly divergent thinking (DT), helping older adults cope with everyday challenges and enhancing their PWB.

objectivesThe present study aimed to investigate the relationships between DT, CR, PWB, memory functions, depression, stress, and anxiety indexes even in the Blue Zone (BZ), an area known for extraordinary longevity and high PWB.

methodsA total of 165 Italian healthy older adults (Mage = 73.8, SD = 6.7) from Milan (MI), Bergamo (BG), Cagliari (CA), and BZ were enrolled and divided into four groups according to their origin. Generalized linear models (GLMs) with normal and gamma link functions were used.

resultsBZ presented higher DT and PWB indices than the cities but lower CR, particularly in education.

conclusionsThis study highlights the influence of DT in supporting cognitive functions and PWB, suggesting that PWB and DT are key protective factors in aging.

Indexed as

Blue Zonescognitive reservecreativitydivergent thinkingelderswell-being

Identifiers

PMID40149771
PMCPMC11940472

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.