Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40148833›Full record

Observational studyBMC cancer2025

Complex interplay between type 2 diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer: insights from observational and mendelian randomization analyses.

Yuxin Wang, Lu Xie, Ye Gu, Hangbin Jin, Jianfeng Yang, Qiang Liu, Xiaofeng Zhang

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Yuxin WangThe Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Lu XieDepartment of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Ye GuDepartment of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Hangbin JinDepartment of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Jianfeng YangDepartment of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Qiang LiuDepartment of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. liuqiang@hospital.westlake.edu.cn.
Xiaofeng ZhangThe Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China. zhangxiaofeng@hospital.weatlake.edu.cn.

Funding

Construction Fund of Medical Key Disciplines of Hangzhou OO20190001Hangzhou Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan A20230021Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province LQ24H030008Zhejiang Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan GZY-ZJ-KJ-24093 and 2024ZF112Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan 2022RC056, 2023RC229 and 2024KY185Zhejiang Province Key R&D Plan Project 2023C03054 and 2024C03048
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTo investigate the causal relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), pancreatic cancer (PC) risk and identify the mediating effects of various risk factors on that relationship.

methods581 PC patients and 582 healthy controls who visited our center from January 2013 to December 2023 were included in this retrospective study. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between T2DM and PC through odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Mendelian randomization (MR) studies were then conducted to explore the causal relationship between T2DM and PC, and causal mediation analysis (CMA) to examine the mediating role of common risk factors.

resultsAfter adjusting for confounding factors, retrospective analysis revealed significant association between new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) and PC risk, with insulin treatment also linked to increased PC development. The standard inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method indicated that genetic susceptibility to T2DM was associated with an increased risk of developing PC (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.034-1.193). Furthermore, MR showed T2DM, insulin treatment, FGF-4, and sulfhydryl oxidase 2 may be independently associated with the prevalence of PC. Specially, CMA demonstrated that insulin treatment, FGF4, and sulfhydryl oxidase 2 mediate the pathway from T2DM to PC, contributing 56.8%, 55.8%, and 5.9% of the total effect, respectively.

conclusionThis study supports the association between T2DM, specifically NODM, and increased PC risk, with insulin therapy, FGF4, and sulfhydryl oxidase 2 mediating this pathway. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these mediating effects. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: not applicable.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Pancreatic NeoplasmsAgedCase-Control StudiesFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansInsulinMaleMendelian Randomization AnalysisMiddle AgedPolymorphism, Single NucleotideRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsInsulinCausal mediation analysisMendelian randomizationPancreatic cancerRisk factorsType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID40148833
PMCPMC11951798

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.