ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2025
Four dimensions of individualization in brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: context, target, dose, and timing.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeting cortico-striatal-amygdalar networks via theta-band frontoparietal synchronization in opioid use disorder: a randomized tACS-fMRI Trial.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Optimized multichannel 4 mA vs conventional transcranial direct current stimulation for major depressive disorder: A randomized sham-controlled trial.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Optimizing tACS for working memory: differential outcomes in healthy aging and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Trial
- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Temporoparietal Junction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of a Phase-IIa Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Feasibility Study.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Trial
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder.Current opinion in psychiatry · 2026Review
- The Effect of Single Pulse TMS on Working Memory Performance: An Online TMS And fNIRS Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- When control isn't controlled: How different experimental sham control conditions complicate TMS evidence in addiction.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Digital twin brain reveals state-specific stimulation targets for abnormal brain dynamics in tinnitus.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Distinct cortical excitability and connectivity profiles within the human SMA complex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Progress and ongoing conceptual challenges "on the way to integrative human neuroscience"-ten years after.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2026Article
- Exploring cortical excitability modulation to promote cognitive resilience in aging: an rTMS study protocol.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neural signatures and personalized neuromodulation in a subject experiencing context-dependent inhibitory control deficits.NeuroImage · 2025Article
- An integrated multifocal tDCS-EEG protocol for reducing cognitive and affective symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and early stages of dementia: a crossover double-blind randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Dose-response relationships in transcranial brain stimulation: Physics, physiology and mechanism.Brain stimulationReview
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) technologies, including transcranial electrical (tES) and magnetic (TMS) stimulation, have emerged as promising interventions for various psychiatric disorders. FDA-approved TMS protocols in depression, OCD and nicotine use disorder provide a meaningful improvement. Treatment efficacy however remains inconsistent across individuals, and one relevant reason is intervention effect variability based on individual factors. There is a growing effort to develop individualized interventions, reinforced recently by FDA approval of a new TMS protocol that includes individualized fMRI-based targeting along with other modifications with higher reported effect size than previous "one size fits all" protocols. This paper discusses the dimensions for individualizing tES/TMS protocols to enhance therapeutic efficacy. We propose a multifaceted approach to personalizing NIBS, considering four levels: (1) context, (2) target, (3) dose, and (4) timing. By addressing inter- and intra-individual variability, we highlight a path toward precision medicine using individualized Brain Stimulation to treat psychiatric diseases. Despite challenges and limitations, this approach encourages broader and more systematic adoption of personalized Brain Stimulation techniques to improve clinical outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.