ArticleScientific reports2025
Federally-overlooked flood risk inequities in the conterminous United States.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disproportionate exposure to extreme floods in historically redlined U.S. communities.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Deep learning completes US flood hazard maps revealing millions exposed to previously unrecognized risk.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Multi-scale buffer analysis and explainable machine learning identify urban form factors and thresholds for waterlogging in Shenzhen urban villages during 9·7 rainstorm.Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Climate change is exacerbating flood risks globally. In the U.S., Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) delineate areas at high flood risk (i.e., 100-year floodplains), however, FIRMs are incomplete and outdated. We utilize risk estimates from advanced flood modeling and sociodemographic data at the census tract level to examine inequities in risk to federally-overlooked 100-year flooding across the conterminous United States (CONUS). Using multivariable statistics that account for clustering and non-normality, we analyze inequities by flood type (coastal, pluvial, and fluvial) and along the urban-rural continuum. Results indicate that 26 million CONUS residents live in federally-overlooked 100-year floodplains. Lower income is associated with elevated risk of federally-overlooked 100-year flooding for all flood types across the urban-rural continuum. We find inconsistent relationships for neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, yet increased Black composition is associated with greater risk of federally-overlooked 100-year pluvial flooding in metropolitan areas, where 47% of the CONUS population at risk to federally-overlooked flooding resides. In suburban and rural contexts, higher Hispanic/Latinx composition is associated with increased risk of federally-overlooked fluvial flooding. The large scale and inequities of federally-overlooked flood risk we find have major public policy, planning and environmental justice implications that demand flood resilience interventions.
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