Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40148321›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

A low-cost picowatt calorimeter using a flexible printed circuit board.

Hanliang Zhu, Yue Zhang, Lan Wang, Jan Brodský, Imrich Gablech, Jianguo Feng, Qi-Long Yan, Shujie Yang, Luke P Lee, Pavel Neuzil

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Hanliang ZhuMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-7005
Yue ZhangMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
Lan WangMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
Jan BrodskýDepartment of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
Imrich GablechDepartment of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
Jianguo FengSchool of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0452-4114
Qi-Long YanScience and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermostructure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-5056
Shujie YangHarvard Medical School, Harvard University; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Luke P LeeHarvard Medical School, Harvard University; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. lplee@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1436-4054
Pavel NeuzilMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China. pavel.neuzil@nwpu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-281X

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 52150710541National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 62201187
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Calorimetry is crucial in biology, chemistry, physics, and pharmaceutical research, enabling the detection of heat changes at nanowatt and picowatt levels. However, traditional calorimetry systems are often limited by high costs and complex fabrication processes. Here, we reduce the cost and fabrication complexity of microcalorimeters by utilizing widely available flexible printed circuit manufacturing processes. This device achieves temperature and power resolutions of ≈ 6 μK and ≈ 654 pW in vacuum. Its feasibility is validated across a wide range of measurements, including salt crystallization, protein crystallization, and cellular metabolism. Our concept enhances the accessibility of microcalorimeters for high-resolution thermal analysis, which is challenging for conventional calorimeters.

Identifiers

PMID40148321
PMCPMC11950193

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.