ArticleNeurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics2025
Tumor suppressive effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on glioblastoma progression.
Article in Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Glioblastoma Multiforme: Current Developments in Molecular Pathways, Magnetic Field-Based Interventions, and Personalized Therapy.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2026Review
- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Static and Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation in Cancer Therapy: A Scoping Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Inhibitory glutamatergic feedback for brain tumor therapy.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- Glioblastoma pathophysiology: roles of aging driven changes in STAT3 interactions with NF-κB dimer components in the modulation of the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway and night-time inflammation resolution.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2026Review
- Neuro-immune-tumor axis in gliomas: a review of mechanisms, models, and translational opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is used as a non-invasive treatment for various diseases, and its potential application in cancer treatment has been proposed by researchers. However, the precise mechanisms and effects of rTMS on many types of cancer, including glioblastoma (GBM), remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of low-frequency rTMS on in vitro and in vivo GBM models and to elucidate an underlying biological mechanism of rTMS on GBM. In vitro and in vivo GBM models were treated with low-frequency rTMS (0.5 Hz, 10 min per day), and the effects of rTMS were assessed using various assays, including CCK-8 assay, sphere formation assay, 3D invasion assay, RT-qPCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL assay, MRI, and IVIS. The results showed that treatment of GBM models in vitro with low-frequency rTMS significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Transcriptome array analysis revealed a substantial downregulation of FLNA and FLNC expression after low-frequency rTMS treatment. Moreover, in an in vitro GBM tumor sphere model, low-frequency rTMS suppressed the activation of EGFR and EphA2, inhibited ERK/JNK/p38 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, and induced apoptosis. Low-frequency rTMS also suppressed the invasion of GBM by downregulating MMP2 and MMP9 expression. Additionally, in an in vivo GBM model, low-frequency rTMS suppressed GBM progression by downregulating FLNA and FLNC expression. The results demonstrated that low-frequency rTMS could be a potential treatment for GBM, achieved by downregulating FLNA and FLNC expression. This study sheds light on the potential for rTMS as a therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma as well as other types of cancers.
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