ArticlePsychiatry investigation2025
Longitudinal Relationship Between Smartphone Dependence and Externalizing Behavior Problems: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model.
Article in Psychiatry investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between problematic smartphone use and gaming and disruptive behavioral disorder symptoms among Korean adolescents: a nationwide representative study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Verification of the Effectiveness of a Token Economy Method Through Digital Intervention Content for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study investigates the reciprocal, longitudinal relationship between smartphone dependence and externalizing behavior problems in children.
methodsA total of 379 school-aged children (7-12 years old) were assessed using the Smartphone Overdependency Observer Scale and the Korean Version of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 at four six-month intervals from June 2021 to June 2022. Among them, 338 children completed at least two assessments. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was employed to examine the bidirectional relationships and temporal stability between smartphone overdependence and externalizing behavior problems while controlling for gender, age, and baseline internalizing behavior problems.
resultsBoth variables demonstrated significant autoregressive effects, indicating stability over time. Cross-lagged analysis revealed that higher smartphone dependence predicted increased externalizing behavior problems in subsequent periods while externalizing behavior problems did not predict future smartphone dependence.
conclusionSmartphone dependence appears to contribute to externalizing behavior problems in children, highlighting the critical need for early interventions that promote healthy digital habits to mitigate behavioral challenges.
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