ReviewMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy2025
Clinical development of therapeutic mRNA applications.
Review in Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- [Diabetic foot care: full-lifecycle management driven by digital intelligent technologies].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Targeting a conserved flagellin D1 epitope with 16G10 confers cross-serotype protection in murineHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- IntegratedMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- RNA-Based Therapeutics in Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Bridging Molecular Genetics and Precision Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Platelet-Targeted Self-Amplifying mRNA for Safe, Long-Acting Thromboprophylaxis.Circulation research · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence driven protein design and sustainable nanomedicine for advanced theranostics.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Nanopore direct RNA sequencing and the epitranscriptome: Advances in mapping native RNA landscapes.iMeta · 2026Review
- Lipid nanoparticles for bone marrow-targeted RNA therapeutics.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Industrial Perspective on the Manufacturing of Lipid Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Optimizing next-generation CAR-macrophages against solid tumors: challenges and potential strategies.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Fc-free single-chain antibody mRNA therapy for airway infection of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Novel Immune-Modulating Nanodrug Enhances Liver-Targeted mRNA Delivery.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- 2'-hydroxyl modification improves enzymatic and thermal stability of mRNA.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- mRNA-Encoded Antibodies: An Emerging Paradigm in Antiviral Protection.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Rapid receptor internalization potentiates CD7-targeted lipid nanoparticles for efficient mRNA delivery to T cells andbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- [Clinical Progress and Prospects of mRNA Tumor Drugs].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Review
- m6A-Modified Nucleotide Bases Improve Translation of In Vitro-Transcribed Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) mRNA in T Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: a prospective outlook from technological innovation to clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
mRNA therapeutics are emerging as a transformative approach in modern medicine, providing innovative, highly adaptable solutions for a wide range of diseases, from viral infections to cancer. Since the approval of the first mRNA therapeutic-the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines in 2021-we have identified more than 70 current clinical trials utilizing mRNA for various diseases. We propose classifying mRNA therapeutics into four main categories: vaccines, protein replacement therapies, antibodies, and mRNA-based cell and gene therapies. Each category can be further divided into subcategories. Vaccines include those targeting viral antigens, bacterial or parasitic antigens, general and individualized cancer antigens, and self-antigens. Protein replacement therapies include maintenance therapeutics designed to treat genetic disorders and interventional therapeutics, where delivering therapeutic proteins could improve patient outcomes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A for ischemic heart disease or proinflammatory cytokines in cancer. Therapeutic antibodies are based on mRNA sequences encoding the heavy and light chains of clinically relevant antibodies, enabling patient cells to produce them directly, bypassing the costly and complex process of manufacturing protein-ready antibodies. Another category of mRNA-based therapeutics encompasses cell and gene therapies, including CRISPR with mRNA-mediated delivery of Cas9 and the in vivo generation of cells expressing CAR through mRNA. We discuss examples of mRNA therapeutics currently in clinical trials within each category, providing a comprehensive overview of the field's progress and highlighting key advancements as of the end of 2024.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.