ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Sex Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the US: A Systematic Review of Nationally Representative Health Surveys.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Pooled it
- Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing for Prognostic Assessment of Clinical Outcomes in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Pooled it
- Temporal trends in mortality involving chronic lower respiratory disease and chronic kidney disease: evidence from CDC WONDER, 1999-2023.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among community-dwelling adults aged 40 years and older in regional China.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Construction of a prediction model for depression risk in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on machine learning algorithms and analysis of influencing factors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sex differences among inpatients with AECOPD in a tertiary hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Lung Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex-dependent transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of neutrophil inflammatory programs in COPD.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The role of the gut-lung axis in persistent inflammation and disease progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mechanistic evidence and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Development of a Bedside Decision Tree for Postexacerbation Risk Stratification: Translating Neuroimmune Biomarker Dynamics Into Clinical Practice.Canadian respiratory journal · 2026Observational
- COPD in Africa in the Post-COVID Era: A GBD 2023 Analysis of Trends, Demographic Drivers and Health-System Performance.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
- The burden of chronic respiratory disease in Western Pacific Region from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Biological sex and age-associated changes in muscle and brain health in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A large cross-sectional study.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2025Article
- Intelligent diagnosis and treatment model based on clinical data for home rehabilitation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading chronic disease worldwide, with significant healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality. Irreversible airflow obstruction identified on spirometry establishes the diagnosis of COPD, but the disease entity encompasses a heterogeneous collection of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Despite the enormous burden of COPD, there are no pharmacological therapies that slow its progression or reduce mortality, indicating the need for a deeper understanding. There are sex differences concerning COPD prevalence, pathology, and symptoms. Historically thought to primarily affect males, its effect on females has increased significantly over time due to a rising prevalence of smoking and exposure to harmful pollutants among females. Over the past decade, the age-adjusted prevalence of COPD has been consistently higher in females than in males. Despite this, the impacts of biological sex continue to be confusing and poorly defined. The primary goal of this review is to organize and collate sex-dependent factors that may contribute to disease differences in males and females, thereby identifying future research questions in this area.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.