ArticleTropical medicine and health2025
Genetic diversity of genus Chilomastix: molecular classification of C. mesnili and other potential species variations in humans and animals.
Article in Tropical medicine and health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intraspecies genetic diversity and host-associated distribution of Endolimax nana in Sumba Island, Indonesia.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Evolution and ecology of commensal gut protists: recent advances.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2025Review
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Abstract
backgroundThe genus Chilomastix, including C. mesnili, consists of protozoa that parasitize the gastrointestinal tracts of various host organisms, including mammals (humans and non-human primates [NHP]), birds, and amphibians. Despite its widespread presence, Chilomastix spp. are generally considered non-pathogenic, which has led to limited molecular epidemiological studies on this genus. Consequently, genetic reference data for this genus remain scarce in GenBank. In this study, we aimed to establish a molecular classification for Chilomastix spp. by investigating the genetic diversity of isolates from humans and animals in a parasite-endemic region of Indonesia.
methodsA cross-sectional molecular investigation was conducted in Wainyapu Village, Sumba Island, Indonesia. Stool samples were collected annually from 2013 to 2016 and screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) of Chilomastix spp., followed by direct and subcloning sequencing. Genetic haplotypes of the partial 18S rRNA sequence (1386-1953 bp) from humans (n = 25), dogs (n = 1), pigs (n = 23), rats (n = 38), water buffaloes (n = 3), chickens (n = 10), and ducks (n = 1) were analyzed alongside reference sequences from humans, guinea pigs, leeches, frogs, and water sources using phylogenetic analyses.
resultsThe prevalence of Chilomastix spp. was 7.0% (25/356) in humans and 19.7% (75/380) in animals. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the following monophyletic clusters as subtypes (STs): C. mesnili ST1 (human-NHP genotype), C. mesnili ST2-1 (human genotype), and C. mesnili ST2-2 (pig genotype). In addition, C. gallinarum-like haplotypes (chicken genotype) and C. bettencourti-like haplotypes, including ST1 (rat genotype) and ST2 (rat-buffalo genotype), were also identified.
conclusionsThe genetic references registered in this study, along with the revealed molecular classification of Chilomastix spp., are crucial for understanding the genetic diversity and host-specific dynamics of these parasites in endemic regions.
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