ReviewNature human behaviour2025
Socio-economic status is a social construct with heritable components and genetic consequences.
Review in Nature human behaviour, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Genetic landscape of adult executive function reveals a cell-type-specific developmental origin.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Genetics of Educational Attainment and Childhood Problem Behavior: Direct Genetic Effects, Cognitive Pathways, and Sex Differences.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Developmental Correlates of Epigenetic and Polygenic Indices of Cognition and Educational Attainment from Birth to Young Adulthood.Research square · 2026Article
- Population-Level Implications of Parental Similarity for the Prevalence and Heritability of Psychiatric Disorders.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Sociogenomics of Social Stratification and General Theories of Inequality.The British journal of sociology · 2026Article
- Understanding the structural and psychological bases of inequality.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Associations of weekly working hours with biological aging and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: the role of lifestyle.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Association and risk prediction of 19 complex diseases with polygenic scores and socioeconomic status.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Early-career-researcher-led best practices for social science and behavioural genetics.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Crystallized and fluid cognitive abilities have different genetic associations with neuropsychiatric disorders.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Developmental Correlates of Epigenetic and Polygenic Indices of Cognition and Educational Attainment from Birth to Young Adulthood.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Incorporating polygenic risk scores and social determinants of health across populations: Considerations and best practices in research.American journal of human genetics · 2026Review
- No Argument with Biology? The Effects of Genetic Explanations for Socioeconomic Outcomes on American and Swedish Citizens' Attitudes Towards Government Intervention.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- How Are Sleep, Settle, and Crying Behaviors in 2-Month-Olds Related to Concurrent Family Factors and Later Development?Developmental science · 2026Article
- Residential proximity to active and abandoned oil and gas development and risk of childhood Ewing sarcoma in California.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Polygenic Risks for Mood Disorders and Economic Well-being: Study of Finnish Cohorts.Depression and anxiety · 2026Article
- Educational attainment and mental health outcomes: A within-sibship Mendelian randomization study.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- The impact of polygenic score and socioeconomic status in predicting risk for 19 complex diseases.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Identifying gene-environment interactions across genome-wide, twin, and polygenic risk score approaches.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Neighborhood context, genetic influences, and life satisfaction: Evidence from the German twin family panel.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In civilizations, individuals are born into or sorted into different levels of socio-economic status (SES). SES clusters in families and geographically, and is robustly associated with genetic effects. Here we first review the history of scientific research on the relationship between SES and heredity. We then discuss recent findings in genomics research in light of the hypothesis that SES is a dynamic social construct that involves genetically influenced traits that help in achieving or retaining a socio-economic position, and can affect the distribution of genes associated with such traits. Social stratification results in people with differing traits being sorted into strata with different environmental exposures, which can result in evolutionary selection pressures through differences in mortality, reproduction and non-random mating. Genomics research is revealing previously concealed genetic consequences of the way society is organized, yielding insights that should be approached with caution in pursuit of a fair and functional society.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.