ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2025
Evidence triangulation in health research.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Structured tools for assessing quality and risk of bias in Mendelian randomization studies: an updated systematic review.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Cross-national comparison of the association between adult child educational attainment and older parents' functional health.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Redundant pharmacovigilance disproportionality analyses: Navigating between Scylla and Charybdis.Headache · 2026Article
- Early-life infections and life course health and disease in the EU child cohort network.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Using Negative Control Outcomes to Detect Selection Bias in Mendelian Randomization Studies.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Psychological Well-Being, Neuroticism, and the Risk of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Triangulation Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Mechanistic pathways between adult child education and late-life parental health outcomes: cross-national comparisons across the US, Mexico, and India.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Accelerating discovery of cancer causes for prevention in the era of rising early-onset cancers.Cell · 2026Review
- Reconsidering evidence strength: the need for multimethod assessment and moderation analyses in adolescent capacity-building interventions.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Applying machine learning to identify unrecognized COVID-19 deaths recorded as other causes of death in the United States.Science advances · 2026Article
- Class-Specific Antihypertensives and Alzheimer's Disease: Genotype- and Hypertension-Stratified Analysis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Scientific knowledge about dementia: From the Global South to the world.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Stronger hearts, weaker leaps? The cardiac power paradox in elite soccer.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- An NRIP1-Centric Monocyte Immunogenetic Bridge Between Heart Failure and Ischemic Stroke.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Identifying psychological distress data available in nationally representative surveys: A scoping review and case study of Australian surveys.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Review
- Beyond hypertrophy: a network physiology perspective on the cardio-neuromuscular trade-off in elite soccer.Frontiers in network physiology · 2026Article
- Evaluating transportability of in vitro cellular models to in vivo human phenotypes using gene perturbation data.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Null within-twin estimates on education and dementia: cautions for within-family contrasts.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Value-based health care frameworks for the health technology assessments of "omics" technologies: an international survey.International journal of technology assessment in health care · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
For many important questions about influences on clinical and public health outcomes, no single study can provide a decisive answer. The perfect study-a large, diverse, well-conducted trial randomizing all relevant versions of a treatment and comprehensively tracking all relevant health outcomes-is never feasible. Instead, we must draw conclusions by piecing together evidence from multiple imperfect studies. A systematic framework for combining disparate, complementary sources of evidence is emerging. We introduce this framework, called evidence triangulation; summarize key approaches based on delineating likely biases due to confounding, measurement, and selection; and review some methods for combining evidence. We illustrate the issues using the example of estimating the effects of alcohol use on dementia. The central tenet of evidence triangulation is to identify the most important weaknesses for any given study approach (and for each specific study applying that approach) and, if necessary, to identify which new sources of evidence that do not share these weaknesses are required. Almost certainly, the new studies will have weaknesses, but when results are consistent across studies that rest on different assumptions, and for which biases should be unrelated, the conclusions are on much sturdier ground.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.