ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2025
Establishing Methods to Monitor Influenza (A)H5N1 Virus in Dairy Cattle Milk, Massachusetts, USA.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mammary Gland Tropism and Milk-Mediated Transmission of H5N1 in Dairy Cattle: Implications for One Health Surveillance.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Toward a quality-managed operational architecture for wastewater surveillance of zoonotic and emerging pathogens.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Home is where the host is: evolutionary history of geographic spread, host switching and adaptive genomic signatures in two generalist group BMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Development of Fit-for-Purpose, High Quality Proficiency Samples for Interlaboratory Evaluation of RT-PCR Detection of HPAI H5N1 in Milk.Food and environmental virology · 2026Article
- Surveillance on California dairy farms reveals multiple possible sources of H5N1 influenza virus transmission.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection During Pregnancy: Preparing for the Next Flu Pandemic and Improving Perinatal Outcomes.Viruses · 2026Review
- Methods for detecting highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in dairy processing environments.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Development of a Combined Clinical and Research-Developed Testing Strategy for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus H5.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Risk of infection of dairy cattle in the EU with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus affecting dairy cows in the United States of America (H5N1, Eurasian lineage goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b. genotype B3.13).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Viral Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for One Health Discovery and Surveillance of (Re)Emerging Viruses: A Deep Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Pasteurized Milk Serves as a Passive Surveillance Tool for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Dairy Cattle.Viruses · 2025Article
- Novel (d)PCR assays for influenza A(H5Nx) viruses clade 2.3.4.4b surveillance.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Real-time, multi-pathogen wastewater genomic surveillance with Freyja 2.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
30 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has caused a multistate outbreak among US dairy cattle, spreading across 16 states and infecting hundreds of herds since its onset. We rapidly developed and optimized PCR-based detection assays and sequencing protocols to support H5N1 molecular surveillance. Using 214 retail milk samples from 20 states for methods development, we found that H5N1 virus concentrations by digital PCR strongly correlated with quantitative PCR cycle threshold values; digital PCR exhibited greater sensitivity. Metagenomic sequencing after hybrid selection was best for higher concentration samples, whereas amplicon sequencing performed best for lower concentrations. By establishing these methods, we were able to support the creation of a statewide surveillance program to perform monthly testing of bulk milk samples from all dairy cattle farms in Massachusetts, USA, which remain negative to date. The methods, workflow, and recommendations described provide a framework for others aiming to conduct H5N1 surveillance efforts.
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