Trial reportUnited European gastroenterology journal2025
Impact of Acute and Sub-Acute Gluten Exposure on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Psychological Responses in Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity: A Randomised Crossover Study.
Trial report in United European gastroenterology journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Acute and Sub-acute Administration of Gluten on Extra-intestinal and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Non-coeliac Gluten Sensitivity
Effect of Acute and Sub-acute Administration of Gluten on Extra-intestinal and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Healthy Subjects
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Focused Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Prevalence of Self-Reported Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity and Its Association With Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction and Disordered Eating.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Article
- Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Is Common in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Fermentation in breadmaking: enhancing digestibility and nutritional value for gastrointestinal health.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Empowering Gliadin Detection: A Visible-Code Semiquantitative Lateral Flow System for Rapid and Reliable Results.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimsNon-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a controversial entity, characterised by symptom improvement with gluten exclusion in the absence of coeliac disease. We primarily investigated the effects of acute and sub-acute gluten on psychological and mood profiles, with secondary outcomes examining gastrointestinal symptoms and biological markers in healthy controls (HC) and individuals with NCGS.
methodsA randomised, single-blind, crossover study used acute (16 g gluten or whey in yoghurt) and sub-acute (gluten-containing (16 g) or gluten-free muffins per day for 5 days) challenges. (Extra)intestinal symptoms, intestinal permeability, high-sensitive C-reactive protein and cortisol awakening response were assessed. Responses over time were analysed using generalised linear mixed models.
resultsTwenty HCs (15% men, mean age 30 years) and 16 individuals with NCGS (31% men, mean age 33 years) participated. No significant group-by-nutrient interactions were observed. Negative affect scores were higher and positive affect scores were lower in NCGS compared to HC (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). Participants experienced higher tension scores after gluten compared with placebo (p = 0.01 acute; p = 0.05 sub-acute) regardless of the group. After acute administration, fatigue scores increased in NCGS (p = 0.03) compared with HC regardless of nutrient intake. After sub-acute administration, abdominal pain scores (p < 0.001) and bloating (p = 0.001) increased in NCGS compared with HC regardless of nutrient intake. No differences were found for biological markers.
conclusionsThese findings reveal that NCGS is characterised by baseline differences in affect, and higher acute fatigue and subacute gastrointestinal symptoms that are not gluten-specific. This may be explained by nocebo effects, warranting research into novel mechanisms and re-evaluating the NCGS definition.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT03798262; NCT03798249.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.