ArticleEpidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Does Calm Always Follow the Storm? A Comprehensive Temporal Analysis of Emergency Department Visits in Northern Italy Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Article in Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Closing Editorial: From Emergency Care to Prevention and Innovation.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of Different COVID-19 Pandemic Phases on Emergency Department Length of Stay and Intensive Care Unit Admission Risk: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Continuous Increase in Both Waiting and Process Time in the Emergency Rooms of Abruzzo, Italy.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Effect of COVID-19 and other determinants on the reduction of non-urgent emergency department access in North-East Italy: does supply affect demand?Research in health services & regions · 2025Article
- Mandatory First-Aid Training in the Workplace: An Epidemiological Assessment of the Use of Acetylsalicylic Acid Therapy.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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11 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesEmergency department (ED) crowding has become a pressing global concern exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. No studies have addressed this issue in Europe during the post-pandemic period so far. This study examined ED visit volumes, patient acuity, hospital admission rates, emergency vehicle arrivals, and crowding metrics before, during, and after the pandemic.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective descriptive study including data on all ED visits in the Lombardy Region of Italy from January 2019 to December 2023. Furthermore, an inferential statistical analysis was performed to compare ED trends between 2019 and 2023.
resultsDuring the analyzed period, there were 15,515,128 visits across all Lombardy EDs. ED visits dropped from 3,514,426 in 2019 to 2,380,005 in 2020, then rebounded to 3,464,756 in 2023. In 2019, triage code distribution was 9.9% white, 68.7% green, 19.0% yellow, and 1.9% red. During the pandemic, the proportion of white and green codes decreased. By 2023, these comprised 80.7% of the total. The percentage of admitted patients was 11.9% in 2019, rose to 16.2% in 2020, and returned to 11.4% in 2023. The median ED length of stay (EDLOS) for admitted patients in 2023 was 5.2 h (IQR [2.1-17.4]), compared to 3.8 h (IQR [1.6-8.6]) in 2019 (
conclusionsIn 2023, ED visits in Lombardy increased, compared to the pandemic period, but remained below 2019 levels. The proportion of high-acuity codes and hospital admissions was slightly lower than in 2019. However, ED crowding metrics worsened. The high levels of lower-acuity visits and the deterioration in crowding metrics highlight systemic challenges within the healthcare system.
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