Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40136983›Full record

ArticleBiosensors2025

Surface Functionalization of ITO for Dual-Mode Hypoxia-Associated Cancer Biomarker Detection.

Edmunds Zutis, Gunita Paidere, Rihards Ruska, Toms Freimanis, Janis Cipa, Raivis Zalubovskis, Maira Elksne, Kaspars Tars, Andris Kazaks, Janis Leitans and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biosensors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Edmunds ZutisInstitute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.
Gunita PaidereInstitute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.
Rihards RuskaInstitute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.ORCID 0000-0001-8652-2421
Toms FreimanisLatvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Street, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
Janis CipaInstitute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.ORCID 0000-0003-3538-8554
Raivis ZalubovskisLatvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Street, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.ORCID 0000-0002-9471-1342
Maira ElksneInstitute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.ORCID 0000-0003-2999-3520
Kaspars TarsLatvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1 k-1 Ratsupites Street, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
Andris KazaksLatvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1 k-1 Ratsupites Street, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.ORCID 0000-0003-4964-0984
Janis LeitansLatvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1 k-1 Ratsupites Street, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
Anatolijs SarakovskisInstitute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.ORCID 0000-0002-2568-4758
Andris AnspoksInstitute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia.ORCID 0000-0002-7174-175X

Funding

Latvian Council of Science LZP-2021/1-0584
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a transparent conducting material with exceptional electrical and optical properties, widely used in biosensing and bioelectronics. Functionalization of ITO with linker molecules enables covalent attachment of biomolecules, allowing for dual-mode optical and electrochemical detection. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a transmembrane enzyme overexpressed in hypoxic tumors, is a promising biomarker for cancer diagnostics due to its restricted expression in normal tissues. However, conventional detection methods are time-intensive and unsuitable for point-of-care applications. In this study, ITO surfaces were functionalized using silane-based chemistry to immobilize CA IX-specific antibodies, creating a novel biosensing platform. The biosensor utilized a secondary horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibody to catalyze the oxidation of luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, producing a chemiluminescent and electrochemical signal. Characterization of the biosensor via a dual-mode optical and electrochemical approach revealed efficient antibody immobilization. Due to the high variation observed in the optical approach, limit of detection (LOD) experiments were conducted exclusively with electrochemistry, yielding an LOD of 266.4 ng/mL. These findings demonstrate the potential of ITO-based electrochemical biosensors for sensitive and selective CA IX detection, highlighting their applicability in cancer diagnostics and other biomedical fields.

Indexed as

Biomarkers, TumorBiosensing TechniquesNeoplasmsTin CompoundsCarbonic Anhydrase IXElectrochemical TechniquesHorseradish PeroxidaseHumansLimit of DetectionBiomarkers, TumorCarbonic Anhydrase IXHorseradish Peroxidaseindium tin oxideTin Compoundscarbonic anhydrase IXchemiluminescenceelectrochemistryindium tin oxidesandwich immunoassay

Identifiers

PMID40136983
PMCPMC11940081

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.