Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40136907›Full record

ArticleGels (Basel, Switzerland)2025

A Robust Natural Rubber-Polyzwitterion Composite Hydrogel for Highly Enhanced Marine Anti-Biofouling.

Ye Sun, Dominic John, Yuxin Yan, Xueliang Feng, Qingrong Wei, Chunxin Ma, Zhenzhong Liu, Haimei Mao, Tuck-Whye Wong, Yun Chen

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Ye SunState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Dominic JohnSustainable and Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
Yuxin YanState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Xueliang FengState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Qingrong WeiNatural Rubber Research & Development Center of Hainan Province for Deep Processing Products, Ledong 572500, China.
Chunxin MaState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6827-2315
Zhenzhong LiuTaizhou Key Laboratory of Medical Devices and Advanced Materials, Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China.ORCID 0000-0002-9884-0053
Haimei MaoKey Laboratory of Quality Safe Evaluation and Research of Degradable Material, State Administration for Market Regulation, Hainan Academy of Inspection and Testing, Haikou 570203, China.
Tuck-Whye WongSustainable and Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
Yun ChenState Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.

Funding

Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province ZDYF2024GXJS019National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 52463014Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province No. LY23E03000Taizhou Science and Technology Plan Project No. 23gya18Taizhou Special Support Plan for High-level Talents (Young Talents) 2023NMS01
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Polyzwitterion (PZW) hydrogel has excellent marine anti-biofouling performance, but it is difficult to effectively work for a long time in natural seawater due to its weak mechanical strength. In this study, a new natural rubber (NR)-PZW composite hydrogel has been reported for long-term anti-biofouling by simply dispersing NR latex into the poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) hydrogel network. First of all, owing to the PZW hydrogel network having an anti-polyelectrolyte effect, this NR-PZW hydrogel can provide outstanding anti-biofouling performance, including broad-spectrum anti-bacteria, anti-algae, and anti-protein properties in marine environments. Furthermore, it has a composited natural rubber nanoparticle with a hydrophilic negatively charged outer protein membrane, which can uniformly disperse in the hydrogel to significantly improve its mechanical properties. Therefore, this composited hydrogel can provide not only highly enhanced tensile strength (0.52 MPa) but also ultra-high breaking elongation (738%), which can effectually resist harsh seawater environments. As a result, the NR-PZW composite hydrogel can achieve excellent anti-biofouling performance for more than 3 months within a real marine environment. This work can provide an excellent, robust polyzwitterionic hydrogel for long-term marine anti-biofouling, which will also inspire new strategies for anti-biofouling materials.

Indexed as

high mechanical propertieshydrogelmarine anti-biofoulingnatural rubberpolyzwitterion

Identifiers

PMID40136907
PMCPMC11942406

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.