ReviewBiomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Review of Electrohydraulic Actuators Inspired by the HASEL Actuator.
Review in Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Soft Skins With Reversible Thickness Morphing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Artificial Muscles: Electrostatic Actuation and Design Tradeoffs.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Soft Biomimetic Underwater Vehicles: A Review of Actuation Mechanisms, Structure Designs and Underwater Applications.Micromachines · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The muscle-like movement and speed of the electrohydraulic actuator have granted it much attention in soft robotics. Our aim is to review the advancements in electrohydraulic actuators inspired by the Hydraulically Amplified Self-healing Electrostatic (HASEL) actuator. With this paper, we focus on the performance of 21 electrohydraulic actuator designs developed across five Universities, ranging from the earliest HASEL designs to the latest electrohydraulic designs. These actuators reported up to 60 N forces and contracting strains of up to 99%. The actuators with the best overall performance so far have been the Quadrant HASEL actuator and the HEXEL actuator, developed at the University of Colorado Boulder. However, notable is also the HALVE actuator (produced by ETH Zürich, Switzerland), which, by using a 5 µm PVDF-TrFE-CTFE film with a relative permittivity of 40, produced 100 times the electrostatic force of any of the electrohydraulic actuators under review. The latter shows that there is room for improvement as low force and displacement still limit the viability of the soft actuators in real-life applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.