ArticleCurrent issues in molecular biology2025
The Legacy of COVID-19 in Breast Milk: The Association of Elevated Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Proteins with Vaccination or Infection.
Article in Current issues in molecular biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Seeding the Future: How Feeding Mode Shapes the Infant Gut Microbiota.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Progress of Section "Bioorganic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry".Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Lactoferrin and SIgA Concentrations in Human Milk of SARS-CoV-Infected Mothers-Polish Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreast milk is a rich source of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds, owing to its diverse array of bioactive molecules. This study explores the presence and activity of natural antimicrobial agents in breast milk, particularly in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. MATERIALS AND
methodsBreast milk samples were collected from 50 breastfeeding mothers, including those who had either been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 or had recovered from the infection. These samples were compared with a control group consisting of 10 unvaccinated mothers with no history of COVID-19. Key antimicrobial and immune-regulatory proteins-lactoferrin, lactadherin, furin, tenascin C, granzyme B, and chitinase 3-like 1-were quantified using the Luminex multiplex analyzer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All targeted biomarkers were detected in breast milk, providing insights into the immune profile transferred to infants following COVID-19 infection or vaccination. These bioactive molecules highlight breastfeeding's role in providing passive immunity and antimicrobial protection. The protein levels were found to be influenced by factors such as maternal inflammation, infant age, delivery mode, and parity, emphasizing the dynamic interaction between maternal immunity, lactation biology, and infant development.
conclusionBreastfeeding serves as a powerful anti-SARS-CoV-2 defense mechanism, supported by the activity of lactoferrin, lactadherin, and furin, reinforcing its critical role in child health.
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