Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40133820›Full record

ArticleBMC pediatrics2025

Prevalence and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and social anxiety among Palestinian primary school children: a cross-sectional study.

Ghayda Mohammad, Leen Abualhayja, Beesan Maraqa, Baraa Maraqa, Zaher Nazzal

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Article in BMC pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

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0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ghayda Mohammad *Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Box 7,707, Nablus, Palestine.
Leen Abualhayja *Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Box 7,707, Nablus, Palestine.
Beesan MaraqaFamily Medicine, Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Hebron University, Hebron, Palestine.
Baraa MaraqaPediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Hebron University, Hebron, Palestine.
Zaher NazzalDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Box 7,707, Nablus, Palestine. znazzal@najah.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNocturnal enuresis (NE) is a prevalent pediatric condition with significant physical, psychological, and social impacts. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NE among primary school children in Palestine and investigate its demographic and biopsychosocial associates.

methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to January 2024 in primary schools across the West Bank, Palestine. A sample of 1003 children from grades one to six were recruited using convenient sampling. Data were collected through an online questionnaire administered to parents, covering sociodemographic variables, NE, social anxiety and separational anxiety. Statistical analyses including Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were performed.

resultsThe study reports a 27.9% prevalence of NE among 1,003 primary school children in the West Bank. The sample included 42.6% males and 57.4% females, with most attending public schools (65.3%) and 70.9% achieving excellent academic performance. Most fathers (79.3%) and mothers (94.9%) had higher education, and 37% of families reported a monthly income between 1,000 and 1,600 USD. NE was more prevalent in males (32.8%), children with lower academic performance (40.5%), and those from lower-income families. Significant factors associated with NE include being male (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.2), family history of NE (aOR: 6.1; 95% CI: 4.3-8.5), high fluid intake before bedtime (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.2), lower academic performance (aOR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1-2.1), daytime incontinence (aOR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.4-8.5), and severe to extreme social anxiety (aOR: 7.4; 95% CI: 1.2-49.0).

conclusionsConsidering the high prevalence of NE in the current study and its strong link with social anxiety, it underscores the need for integrated psychological support alongside medical management. Therefore, cooperation between health policymakers, healthcare providers, school staff, and families is essential to develop targeted interventions addressing both the physical and psychological impacts of NE, ultimately improving the quality of life for affected children and their families.

Indexed as

AnxietyAnxiety, SeparationArabsNocturnal EnuresisChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle EastPrevalenceRisk FactorsSchoolsSurveys and QuestionnairesChildrenNocturnal enuresisPrevalenceRisk factorsSocial anxietyWest bank

Identifiers

PMID40133820
PMCPMC11934666

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.