Observational studyBMJ open2025
Sex-specific associations of serum short-chain fatty acids with glycaemic control: an Italian cross-sectional study in adults with type 1 diabetes.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05936242 (Evaluation of the INteraction Between Diet, microbiomE and Epigenetic Towards Personalized Interventions in Type 1 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the INteraction Between Diet, microbiomE and Epigenetic Towards Personalized Interventions in Type 1 Diabetes (IN-DEEP Study)
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex differences in the gut microbiome and related metabolites: role in cardiometabolic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Bacterial Metabolites in the Plasma of Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Acetate Levels Are Elevated and Correlate with Glycated Haemoglobin and Para-Cresol Is Associated with Liver Disturbances and Hypertension.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus and gut microbiota: from microbiome characteristics to prevention and treatment strategies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Dietary Interventions for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes, Guideline Alignment, and Research Gaps-A Scoping Review.Nutrients · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveShort-chain fatty acids (SCFA) play a role in modulating glucose metabolism and are influenced by diet. Alterations in the SCFA-producing microbial ecosystem in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may contribute to impaired glycaemic control. This study investigated the relationships between serum SCFA levels, blood glucose control, and dietary habits in adults with T1D.
designObservational study.
settingThe study was conducted at the diabetes outpatient clinic of Federico II University Teaching Hospital, Naples, Italy. POPULATION: The study included 198 adults with T1D (100 men and 98 women), aged 18-79 years.
main outcome measuresSerum SCFA levels, blood glucose control, assessed by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics, and dietary intake from a 7-day food record.
resultsSCFA levels showed significant sex-specific differences (p<0.05). Therefore, to evaluate relationships between SCFA levels, glycaemic control and dietary habits, SCFA levels were categorised into sex-specific tertiles, and results were adjusted for age and body mass index. HbA1c and CGM metrics did not vary significantly across tertiles of acetate and butyrate. However, in women, higher propionate levels were associated with better glycaemic control, reflected by a greater percentage of glucose time-in-range (70-180 mg/dL) (66.2±12.3% vs 56.9±16.7%, low tertile; p=0.014), lower time-above-range (>180 mg/dL) (32.2±12.6% vs 41.2±17.2%, low tertile; p=0.011) and improved glucose management indicator (7.1±0.6% vs 7.5±0.6%, low tertile; p=0.027). Regarding eating habits, higher acetate tertiles were associated with higher intakes of total fat (p=0.041), polyunsaturated fatty acids (p=0.049) and monounsaturated fatty acids (p=0.021) in men only.
conclusionThese findings reveal a sex-specific association between serum propionate levels and blood glucose control in women with T1D. Importantly, this relationship appears independent of dietary factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05936242.
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