Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40131909›Full record

ArticlePloS one2025

Exploring the role of technology in human trafficking in Pakistan: A qualitative study of lived experiences of victims.

Zeeshan Khan, Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Jamiah Manap, Surendran Rajaratnam, Masnizah Mohd, Ibrahim Maclean Chong, Farhan Navid Yousaf, Ratna Yunita Setiyani Subardjo

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Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Zeeshan KhanCentre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Mohammad Rahim KamaluddinCentre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-3431-8960
Jamiah ManapCentre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Surendran RajaratnamCentre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-5865-1485
Masnizah MohdCenter for Cyber Security (CYBER), Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Ibrahim Maclean ChongMinistry of Human Resources Development, Federal Government Administration Center, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Farhan Navid YousafInstitute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Ratna Yunita Setiyani SubardjoCentre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.

Funding

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia research grant GUP-2022-056
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With the ongoing digital transformation, the internet, mobile, social media and other computer technologies are being increasingly used in the targeting, recruitment, transportation and exploitation of human trafficking victims. The current study is the first of its kind which uses a qualitative method to comprehensively investigate the role of technology in the lived experiences of human trafficking victims in Pakistan. This qualitative study was carried out with a phenomenological approach in two provinces of Pakistan. Data was collected using in-depth interviews with 13 victims who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The data was then analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach. The data analysis results were divided into four main themes and ten sub-themes. The main themes are: Recruitment approaches, transportation process, exploitation process, and mental health consequences. The analysis show that traffickers extensively use technology across all phases of human trafficking. This study aims to support a range of relevant institutional stakeholders, including law enforcement agencies, legislative bodies, policymakers, civil society and SDG (2030) goals, in Pakistan and globally, in their efforts to address and enhance the learning and awareness level regarding related technologies in order to improve investigation in combating technological based human trafficking.

Indexed as

Crime VictimsHuman TraffickingTechnologyAdultFemaleHumansMalePakistanQualitative ResearchSocial MediaTransportationYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID40131909
PMCPMC11936256

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.