ArticleTranslational stroke research2025
Distinct Cytokine Responses in Central and Systemic Compartments after Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.
Article in Translational stroke research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early Detection of Cerebral Vasospasm Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by IL-6 Electrochemiluminescence Analysis of the Cerebrospinal Fluid.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sleep and Cognitive Dysfunction in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionNeuroinflammation may contribute to outcomes following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine data is limited and its relationship with systemic inflammation is unknown. This study compares the inflammatory responses in CSF and plasma compartments, and their associations with outcome.
methodsTen cytokines were measured in CSF and plasma from 98 SAH patients and 18 control patients. Outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Outcome Tool (SAHOT) at days 7, 28, 90 and 180. Regression analyses and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed.
resultsMedian levels of all CSF cytokines and plasma IL-6 were higher in SAH patients than controls (p < 0.001). Plasma IL-6 peaked earlier (3 days after SAH) than CSF cytokines (7-9 days after SAH). On day 7, CSF levels were greater than plasma levels for all cytokines (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between individual cytokines in the plasma and CSF. Only plasma IL-6 levels correlated with long-term outcome (mRS (p = 0.009) and SAHOT (p = 0.007) at day 180), accounting for WFNS and blood volume. Seven principal components of cytokines had an eigenvalue greater than 1. Only the first plasma principal component (dominated by IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-13, and TNF-α) was associated with outcomes (p < 0.05). Mediation analysis suggested the effects of WFNS and blood volume on outcome were not mediated by IL-6 or this principal component.
conclusionSAH provokes an inflammatory response in CSF and plasma. The response pattern is different and distinct in each compartment. Each compartment's relationship with outcomes differ, suggesting separate roles in SAH pathophysiology. Plasma IL-6 is independently associated with outcomes.
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