ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2025
Product formulation and rubbing time impact the inactivation of enveloped and non-enveloped virus surrogates by foam-based hand sanitizers.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Effective hand hygiene, such as hand washing and hand sanitizer use, is crucial in reducing infectious disease transmission via the hands. The efficacy of hand washing has been well-documented; however, relatively less is known regarding foam-based hand sanitizer efficacy, which is considered an effective alternative to washing hands with soap and water. Hand sanitizers are recommended by both the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization when the hands are not visibly dirty or greasy. This study examined the efficacy of five commercially available foam hand sanitizers-four alcohol-based and one non-alcohol-based-against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses using bacteriophage phi6 (Φ6) and bacteriophage MS2 as surrogates, respectively. A cocktail of MS2 and Φ6 (8 log PFU/mL) was inoculated on the hands and exposed to 3 or 6 mL of hand sanitizer product followed by rubbing the palmar surface of the hands together for 10 s or until dry. The results showed significant log reduction among the virus surrogates (
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