Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40128838›Full record

ArticleMalaria journal2025

Identifying gaps in protection from malaria vector biting in rural Cambodia using an entomological assessment and human behaviour observations.

David J McIver, Elodie A Vajda, Dyna Doum, Nicholas W Daniel, Molly Quan, Diane D Lovin, Joanne M Cunningham, Siv Sovannaroth, Allison Tatarsky, Neil F Lobo

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In one paragraph

Article in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

David J McIver *Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. davidjmciver@gmail.com.
Elodie A Vajda *Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Dyna DoumMalaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Nicholas W DanielUniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
Molly QuanUniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
Diane D LovinUniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
Joanne M CunninghamUniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
Siv SovannarothNational Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, 477 Betong St, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Allison TatarskyMalaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Neil F LoboMalaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.

Funding

Amplicon deep sequencing (Amp-Seq) of malaria parasite genomes towards understanding forest transmission systemsR03AI158800 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME · PI LOBO, NEIL · 2021 to 2022
$173k
NIAID NIH HHS R03 AI158800
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundForest-exposed populations remain the last significant, and most difficult to access, high-risk populations for malaria in Cambodia. Despite the availability of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or hammock nets (LLIHNs), continued malaria transmission indicates gaps in protection. This study aimed to identify these gaps among forest-exposed individuals in Plasmodium falciparum hotspots in two provinces in Cambodia, using entomological assessments and human behaviour observations (HBOs).

methodsAnopheles bionomic traits were characterized using Human Landing Catches (HLCs) in a village setting in Mondulkiri province, and in both village and forest settings in Kampong Speu province, Cambodia. Mosquitoes were collected from 17h00 to 07h00 over 540 collection nights. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) focused on monitoring activities near HLC sites and recording the use of LLINs/LLIHNs or Project BITE's bite prevention tools: a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VPSR), topical repellent (TR), and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC). Data on mosquito landing pressure and human behaviours were integrated to generate the HBO-adjusted Human Landing Rate (HBO-adjusted HLR).

resultsA total of 5,985 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected, with 608 (10%) identified molecularly to species-level. Seventeen Anopheles species were identified, including a likely novel species from the Leucosphyrus Subgroup, which was the predominant species characterized. The HBO-adjusted HLR was found to be greatest during the early evening hours, when people were outdoors awake, followed by when people were sleeping indoors without a net. Relatively few people were observed using, or correctly using, the new bite prevention tools intended for protection in the forest.

conclusionThis study demonstrates the importance of understanding spatial and temporal human exposure to mosquito bites, in the presence of proven vector control tools (LLINs, LLIHNs) and newly introduced bite prevention tools (VPSRs, ITCs, and TRs). To help achieve malaria elimination, human behaviour data on intervention use and behaviour patterns should be evaluated and integrated with entomological data towards identifying and quantifying protection conferred by current interventions, as well as remaining gaps in protection. This information supports the selection of appropriate interventions, which supplement rather than replace existing tools, to target existing gaps in protection.

Indexed as

AnophelesInsect Bites and StingsMalaria, FalciparumMosquito ControlMosquito VectorsAdolescentAdultAnimalsCambodiaFemaleHumansInsecticide-Treated BednetsInsect RepellentsMaleRural PopulationYoung AdultInsect RepellentsEliminationGaps in protectionHuman behaviour observationHuman landing catchMalariaSpatial emanatorSpatial repellentTopical repellent

Identifiers

PMID40128838
PMCPMC11934795

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.