ArticleBMC health services research2025
Using normalisation process theory to understand implementation of effective early-onset type 2 diabetes treatment and care within England: a qualitative study.
Article in BMC health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Experiences of contacts with diabetes care professionals among people with type 2 diabetes in an urban Swedish setting.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Article
- Psychosocial care and experiences in young adults living with early-onset type 2 diabetes: A narrative review.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Review
- Stigma associated with early-onset type 2 diabetes: A secondary qualitative analysis.British journal of health psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- Involvement of underserved 18-40 year olds living with early-onset type 2 diabetes in the M3 NIHR programme grant.Research involvement and engagement · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite increasing prevalence, early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOT2D) has received little clinical and qualitative research attention within England. This qualitative study aimed to explore and understand the unmet needs of people living with early-onset type 2 diabetes (PEOT2D) and their diabetes care within England.
methodsUsing semi-structured interviews, data was collected, transcribed and analysed from 25 PEOT2D and 25 healthcare professionals (HCPs). Taking an abductive approach, data for both cohorts were analysed and interpreted according to four constructs of Normalisation Process Theory (NPT): coherence (sense-making), cognitive participation (engagement), collective action (enactment) and reflexive monitoring (formal and informal appraisal).
resultsOur findings revealed several unmet needs in current treatment and care for PEOT2D. The main unmet need was access to specialist care. Having GP (general practitioner) practices as their main caregivers presented a significant barrier to this population successfully carrying out their diabetes self-care. HCPs in specialist roles expressed similar views and were keen to see PEOT2D receive access to holistic and specialist care via a multidisciplinary team. Data interpretation according to the four constructs of NPT found that implementation of this approach would involve fostering an environment of support that allowed HCPs across the primary and secondary interface to do the following: (1) provide consultations incorporating person-centred care, shared decision-making, and non-judgemental and non-stigmatising behaviours and (2) work in an integrated and synchronous manner using streamlined referrals, interprofessional collaborations and team-based learning. Provision of tailored financial, human (additional staffing) and learning resources was found to be integral to allow creation of tailored multidisciplinary teams, and individual and collective skill enhancement of both specialist and primary care providers.
conclusionAlthough both PEOT2D and specialist care providers are keen for young adults with EOT2D to receive access to specialist and holistic care, there are several resource barriers that must be addressed to allow implementation of their desired approach to treatment and care. Further qualitative research with primary care providers (for example, GPs and practice nurses) involved in EOT2D care is needed to understand if (and how) their views and experiences differ from those providing specialist care.
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