ArticleBMC medicine2025
Association between urbanization levels and frailty among middle-aged and older adults in China: evidence from the CHARLS.
Article in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association analysis of metabolic score for visceral fat with cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study based on the China health and retirement longitudinal study.Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy · 2026Article
- Sleep duration and depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults: a serial mediation model of self-rated health and frailty.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Edentulism and incident hip fracture among middle-aged and older adults in China: evidence from the CHARLS.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The association between sarcopenia and frailty in older adults: a moderated mediation model.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Dietary trace mineral intake and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in population with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 0-3: a cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Household solid fuel use increases frailty risk in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association between the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index and incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older adults with arthritis: a nationwide prospective cohort study with hospital-based cross-sectional replication.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Exploring the relationship between cognitive function and frailty in middle-aged and older adults Chinese adults: evidence from the CHARLS database.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- [Association between daytime napping and depressive symptoms in older women: The chain mediating role of frailty and C-reactive protein].Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of the skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio with metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy non-obesity: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2011-2018.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Association between living environmental quality and body pain in middle-aged and older adults: a national study in China.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Latent Profile Analysis of Depression and Its Influencing Factors Among Frail Older Adults in China.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Childhood Loneliness and Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity and the determinants of multidimensional health transition among Chinese middle-aged and older people: a person-centered approach.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Disparities in the burden of tuberculosis associated with urbanization across 178 countries and territories: an observational study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRapid urbanization is underway in China. However, the impact of urbanization on frailty remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between urbanization and frailty among middle-aged and older adults.
methodsWe analyzed nationally representative data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) spanning 2011 to 2018. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10,758 non-frail individuals at baseline were analyzed. The exposure of interest was the comprehensive urbanization level. Urbanization level (0.072-0.689) was assessed using the entropy method. Frailty was assessed using the frailty index (FI), which ranges from 0 to 100. Frailty was defined as FI ≥ 25, and the urbanization-frailty association was assessed using - the restricted cubic spline (RCS) expressions and Cox proportional hazards models. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were employed to evaluate major factors associated with frailty.
resultsThe results revealed a U-shaped nonlinear association between urbanization level and frailty incidence, with a turning point at 0.3 (P
conclusionsUrbanization level had U-shaped association with frailty incidence. Factors such as total retail sales of consumer goods per capita, per capita disposable income of urban residents, and the number of college students per 10,000 people may be key in formulating a strategy for frailty prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.