ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2025
Steroid hormones as modulators of anti-tumoural immunity.
Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Oral glucocorticoid treatment for checkpoint inhibitor-associated inflammatory arthritis does not affect cancer progression-free survival: a RADIOS Registry study.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2026Observational
- Lipid-Soluble Signaling Molecular Model Predicts Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response in Gastric Cancer.Lipids · 2026Article
- Anti-Androgenic Potential of Plant Extracts: Molecular Mechanisms, Synergistic Effects, and Nutritional Interventions.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Neural regulation of cancer: from microenvironmental hijacking to systemic circuit co-option.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Signaling Under Stress: Targeting the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Cancer.Cancer research · 2026Review
- Same tumor, different lungs: How chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease reshape lung cancer risk and treatment.Journal of translational internal medicine · 2026Article
- Depression remodels tumor microenvironment to drive tumor progression: Bio-behavioural signalling pathways and clinical interventions.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Endogenous glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor signaling: Dual regulators of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy efficacy in the tumor microenvironment.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Intraprostatic steroid hormones and endocrine disruptors in prostate cancer.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Glucocorticoids induce a phagocytic C1Q+ macrophage phenotype primed for IFNγ-dependent CXCL9 secretion.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Surgical outcomes of lung cancer associated with autoimmune disease-related interstitial pneumonia.General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2026Article
- Dexamethasone promotes neutrophil ROS-mediated tumor killing through the glucocorticoid receptor.Oncogene · 2026Article
- Neutralization of acyl-CoA-binding protein attenuates glucocorticoid-mediated suppression of cancer immunosurveillance.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Differential regulation of type 2 immunity by glucocorticoids.BMB reports · 2026Review
- The Immune Biology of the Adrenal Gland Microenvironment and Its Role in Metastatic Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Case Report: triple therapy with pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, and lenvatinib in mitotane- and radiation-refractory, cortisol-secreting stage IV adrenocortical carcinoma: a genomically guided approach.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The role of hormonal and nutritional biomarkers in predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy: current limitations and future prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Editorial: Endocrine dysfunctions and immunometabolic pathways in autoimmune-related cancers.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Adaptive changes in adrenal steroid metabolism under extreme physical and psychological stress: a narrative review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune evasion is a hallmark of cancer progression but the role of steroid hormones in this evasion has long been underrated. This oversight is particularly notable for glucocorticoids given that exogenous glucocorticoids remain a cornerstone therapy in various oncological treatment regimens, supportive care and treatment of immune-related adverse events caused by immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Cortisol, the main endogenous glucocorticoid in humans, is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress. Additionally, cortisol and its inactive metabolite cortisone can be interconverted to further modulate tissue-dependent glucocorticoid action. In the past 5 years, intratumoural production of glucocorticoids, by both immune and tumour cells, has been shown to support tumour immune evasion. Here, we summarize current progress at the crossroads of endocrinology and immuno-oncology. We outline the known effects of steroid hormones on different immune cell types with a focus on glucocorticoids and androgens. We conclude with options for pharmaceutical intervention, including the engineering of cell-based therapies that resist the immunosuppressive action of steroid hormones. Overall, local steroid production and metabolism are emerging elements of tumour immune suppression that are potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. Targeting steroid hormones to enhance anticancer therapies could increase their efficacy but will require expertise in endocrine care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.