ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Current state of cancer immunity cycle: new strategies and challenges of using precision hydrogels to treat breast cancer.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Smart hydrogels for overcoming cancer multidrug resistance.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Hydrogels as advanced drug delivery platforms for cancer immunotherapy: promising innovations and future outlook.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- A Prognostic Nomogram Based on an Immunogenic Cell Death and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Gene Signature for Ovarian Cancer.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cancer-immunity cycle provides a framework for a series of events in anti-cancer immune responses, initiated by T cell-mediated tumor cell killing, which leads to antigen presentation and T cell stimulation. Current immunomodulatory therapies for breast cancer are often associated with short duration, poor targeting to sites of action, and severe side effects. Hydrogels, with their extracellular matrix-mimicking properties, tunable characteristics, and diverse bioactivities, have garnered significant attention for their ability to locally deliver immunomodulators and cells, providing an immunomodulatory microenvironment to recruit, activate, and expand host immune cells. This review focuses on the design considerations of hydrogel platforms, including polymer backbone, crosslinking mechanisms, physicochemical properties, and immunomodulatory components. The immunomodulatory effects and therapeutic outcomes of various hydrogel systems in breast cancer treatment and tissue regeneration are highlighted, encompassing hydrogel depots for immunomodulator delivery, hydrogel scaffolds for cell delivery, and immunomodulatory hydrogels dependent on inherent material properties. Finally, the challenges that persist in current systems and future directions for immunomodulatory hydrogels are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.