Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40124199›Full record

ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2025

Demographic and Clinical Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibody Response Among Previously Infected US Adults: The C4R Study.

Ryan T Demmer, Chaoqi Wu, John S Kim, Yifei Sun, Pallavi Balte, Mary Cushman, Rebekah Boyle, Russell P Tracy, Linda M Styer, Taison D Bell and 27 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

37 authors.

Ryan T DemmerDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Chaoqi WuDepartment of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6369-6189
John S KimDepartment of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Yifei SunDepartment of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA.
Pallavi BalteDepartment of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Mary CushmanDepartment of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
Rebekah BoyleDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
Russell P TracyDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
Linda M StyerDivision of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
Taison D BellDepartment of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Michaela R AndersonDepartment of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-7643
Norrina B AllenDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Pamela J SchreinerDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Russell BowlerDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
David A SchwartzDepartment of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Joyce S LeeDepartment of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5758-8365
Vanessa XanthakisDepartment of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-621X
Jean M RockDivision of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
Rachel BievenueDivision of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
Amber PirzadaInstitute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0526-3611
Margaret DoyleDepartment of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
Elizabeth A ReganDivision of Rheumatology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Barry J MakeDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Alka M KanayaDivision of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Namratha R KandulaDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Sally E WenzelDepartment of Medicine, Department of Immunology, and Department of Environmental Medicine and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Josef CoreshDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Carmen R IsasiDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
Laura M RaffieldDepartment of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Mitchell S V ElkindDepartment of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA.
Virginia J HowardDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Victor E OrtegaDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Prescott WoodruffDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Shelley A ColePopulation Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Joel M HendersonDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Nicholas J MantisDivision of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5083-8640
Elizabeth C OelsnerDepartment of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.

Funding

ACTIV Integration of Host-targeting Therapies for COVID-19 Administrative Coordinating CenterOT2HL156812 · NHLBI · RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE · PI NOLEN, TRACY L, THOMAS, SONIA M · 2020 to 2024
$1270.7M
The Southwest National Primate Research Center Supplement- Infrastructure improvements of ABSL2 holding areasP51OD011133 · OD · TEXAS BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI Larry S. Schlesinger · 2012 to 2026
$129.7M
Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in AmericaR01HL093009 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI KANAYA, ALKA M. · 2010 to 2018
$5.4M
Hypercoagulability and Chronic Lung Disease in Older AdultsK23HL130627 · NHLBI · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI OELSNER, ELIZABETH · 2016 to 2019
$686k
NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL130627NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL156812NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL093009NIH HHS P51 OD011133
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite the availability of effective vaccines and a recent decrease in annual deaths, COVID-19 remains a leading cause of death. Serological studies provide insights into host immunobiology of adaptive immune response to infection, which holds promise for identifying high-risk individuals for adverse COVID-19 outcomes. We investigated correlates of anti-nucleocapsid antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a US population-based meta-cohort of adults participating in longstanding National Institutes of Health-funded cohort studies. Anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were measured from dried blood spots collected between February 2021 and February 2023. Among 1419 Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mean age (standard deviation) was 65.8 (12.1), 61% were women, and 42.8% self-reported membership in a race/ethnicity minority group. The proportion of participants reactive to nucleocapsid peaked at 69% by 4 months after infection and waned to only 44% ≥12 months after infection. Higher anti-nucleocapsid antibody response was associated with older age, Hispanic or American Indian Alaskan Native (vs White) race/ethnicity, lower income, lower education, former smoking, and higher anti-spike antibody levels. Asian race (vs White) and vaccination (even after infection) were associated with lower nucleocapsid reactivity. Neither vaccine manufacturer nor common cardiometabolic comorbidities were not associated with anti-nucleocapsid response. These findings inform the underlying immunobiology of adaptive immune response to infection, as well as the potential utility of anti-nucleocapsid antibody response for clinical practice and COVID-19 serosurveillance.

Indexed as

adaptive immune responseanti-nucleocapsid antibodiesCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2 infectionserological studies

Identifiers

PMID40124199
PMCPMC11927777

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.