ArticleThe Plant cell2025
Raffinose family oligosaccharide hydrolysis by alkaline α-galactosidase CsAGA2 controls seed development in cucumber.
Article in The Plant cell, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- 5-Aminolevulinic acid promotes cell division and young fruit development by suppressing the PpARF9-PpGH3.1 auxin-conjugation module in peach.Molecular horticulture · 2026Article
- Grafting immunity: jasmonate and raffinose on the move.The Plant cell · 2026Article
- ZmbZIP39: orchestrating source, flow, and sink for maize grain development.The Plant cell · 2026Article
- The future is sweet: exploiting sugar allocation and use for cotton breeding.The Plant cell · 2026Article
- Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal the Accumulation Mechanism of Carbohydrates DuringBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Focus on Translational Research from Arabidopsis to Crop Plants and Beyond.The Plant cell · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Seed size and weight are pivotal agronomic traits that link plant sexual reproduction to subsequent seedling establishment. These 2 seed characteristics are affected by embryo development and sugar filling. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling sugar translocation and the timing between early embryo development and subsequent seed filling in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) remain poorly understood. Here, we report that alkaline α-galactosidase 2 (CsAGA2) is expressed in the placental vascular bundles and funicular phloem, and its encoded protein is responsible for the hydrolysis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). We demonstrate that FUSCA3 (CsFUS3) activates, while Auxin Response Factor 9 (CsARF9) represses, CsAGA2 expression. The CsFUS3-Sucrose Non-fermenting-1 (Snf1)-Related Protein Kinase 1α1 (CsSnRK1α1) interaction further enhances CsAGA2 expression, while CsARF9 recruits the TOPLESS (CsTPL) corepressor and further weakens CsAGA2 expression. Transgenic CsAGA2-RNAi (RNA interference), CsFUS3-RNAi, csfus3-crispr, and CsARF9-OE (overexpression) lines showed severe seed abortion rates, likely caused by reduced sugar supply during embryo development and seed filling. These results demonstrate the critical collaborative roles of these proteins in delivering sugars for seed development. Our findings reveal that CsAGA2 is an essential enzyme that is switched on by CsFUS3 to precisely regulate embryo development and provide the vast quantities of sugars needed for seed filling in cucumber. As the seeds mature, CsARF9 dampens CsAGA2 expression to gradually reduce the sugar supply to seeds. Therefore, our data suggest that the CsFUS3 and CsARF9 sequentially regulate embryo development and seed filling via CsAGA2-mediated RFO catabolism in cucumber. Our findings provide a new strategy for manipulating seed filling to increase yield in the breeding process of seed crops.
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