Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40122995›Full record

Trial reportScientific reports2025

Pupilometer efficacy in monitoring anxiety in undergraduate medical students during high-fidelity clinical simulation.

Francisco Martín-Rodríguez, Rafael Martín-Sánchez, Carlos Del Pozo Vegas, Raúl Lopez-Izquierdo, José Luis Martín-Conty, Eduardo Silva Alvarado, Santos Gracia Villar, Luis Alonso Dzul López, Silvia Aparicio Obregón, Rubén Calderon Iglesias and 2 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Francisco Martín-RodríguezFaculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
Rafael Martín-SánchezAdvanced Life Support, Emergency Medical Services (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain.
Carlos Del Pozo VegasFaculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
Raúl Lopez-IzquierdoFaculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
José Luis Martín-ContyFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Avda. Real Fábrica de Seda, s/n 45600, Talavera de la Reina, Spain.
Eduardo Silva AlvaradoUniversidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain.
Santos Gracia VillarUniversidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain.
Luis Alonso Dzul LópezUniversidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain.
Silvia Aparicio ObregónUniversidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain.
Rubén Calderon IglesiasUniversidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain.
Ancor Sanz-GarcíaFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Avda. Real Fábrica de Seda, s/n 45600, Talavera de la Reina, Spain. ancor.sanz@gmail.com.
Miguel Ángel Castro VillamorFaculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.

Funding

Conferencia Nacional de Decanas y Decanos de Enfermería PID_03CNDE2022Gerencia Regional de Salud, Public Health System of Castilla y León GRS 2693/B/2023Instituto de Salud Carlos III DTS23/00010
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The aim of the present work was to determine the correlation between the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) score and pupillary diameter and whether this correlation exists to develop a predictive model of anxiety with the pupillary diameter of students exposed to high-fidelity clinical simulation. This was a randomized, blinded, simulation-based clinical trial. The study was conducted at the Advanced Clinical Simulation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Valladolid University (Spain), from February 1 to April 15, 2023, and involved volunteer sixth-year undergraduate medical students. The STAI score, vital signs (oxygen saturation, perfusion index, blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature), and pupillary response were assessed. The primary outcomes were the delta (pre/postsimulation) of the state STAI and the delta of the pupillary diameter. Sixty-one sixth-year students fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There was no difference regarding the clinical scenario. There was a statistically significant correlation between the state STAI score and pupillary diameter. The predictive model had an AUC of 0.876, with the delta diameter of the pupillary being the only statistically significant variable for anxiety prediction. Our results showed that both the pupillary response and the STAI score allowed the identification of students with disabling anxiety. These results could pave the way for appropriate protocol development that allows for personalized tutoring of students with elevated anxiety levels.

Indexed as

AnxietyHigh Fidelity Simulation TrainingPupilStudents, MedicalAdultEducation, Medical, UndergraduateFemaleHumansMaleYoung AdultAnxietyHigh-fidelity clinical simulationLearningPupillary diameterSTAI

Identifiers

PMID40122995
PMCPMC11931000

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.