ArticleEye (London, England)2025
Risk of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction among gastroesophageal reflux disease patients: a global population-based study.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distinct Tear Element Signatures in Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Identified by Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Asymmetric Tear Secretion: Can This Disorder Help in Suspecting Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and in Managing Sjögren's Disease? A Pilot Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) remains underexplored, and large-scale global studies are lacking. This study aims to evaluate the association between GERD and PANDO on an international scale.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study utilized data from the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network, encompassing over 157 million patients across 18 countries. Patients with GERD and controls without GERD were included from January, 2004, through November, 2024. Patients with pre-existing lacrimal passage disorders were excluded. The primary outcome was the incidence of PANDO. Patients were followed for up to 20 years. Propensity score matching was employed to balance baseline characteristics. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs), and Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to assess the cumulative incidence.
resultsAfter matching, 876,330 patients were included in both the GERD and control cohorts. GERD was associated with a significantly higher risk of PANDO (HR: 2.49; 95% CI: 2.18-2.85; P < 0.001). Risk stratification analyses demonstrated greater risks in females (HR: 2.74; 95% CI: 2.32-3.24) and in older age groups (HR for ≥60 years: 3.12; 95% CI: 2.59-3.74). Comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and sinusitis further increased the risk of PANDO.
conclusionsGERD increases the risk of PANDO, particularly in females, older adults, and patients with cardiovascular comorbidities or sinusitis. Clinicians should educate GERD patients about the potential risk of PANDO and arrange referrals when necessary.
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