ArticleInternational ophthalmology2025
Comparison of tear cytokines and neuropeptides, ocular surface parameters, and corneal nerve structure in patients with early-stage diabetes mellitus and control subjects.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy on Corneal Sensitivity and Ocular Surface.Ophthalmic research · 2026Observational
- Diabetic dry eye: advances in pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to assess the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the corneal nerve, ocular surface, and tear cytokine and substance P (SP) levels and to compare the findings with those in control subjects.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 23 patients diagnosed with DM within the last 5 years and who had no systemic involvement, including diabetic retinopathy, and 22 control subjects. The ocular surface and tear film were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, ocular surface staining, Schirmer, and corneal sensitivity. In vivo confocal microscopy was used to assess the architecture of the corneal nerves. The tear levels of cytokines were examined by Luminex and SP levels were measured by ELISA.
resultsBoth groups had similar OSDI scores, ocular surface staining, Schirmer, and corneal sensitivity measurements. The patient group had higher corneal nerve tortuosity (p = 0.015) but showed no significant difference in short or long nerve fibre density compared with the control group. Tear IL-6 and IL-8 levels were higher in the DM group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.01, respectively), whereas tear SP levels were lower in the DM group (p = 0.05). The tear SP level exhibited a strong positive correlation with total and long nerve fibre parameters (both p = 0.00).
conclusionsThe study results indicated that DM affected corneal nerve structure, tear SP, and inflammatory cytokine levels. The corneal nerves were affected and the tear SP level decreased even in patients without peripheral neuropathy, which is one of the most common complications of DM. In addition, ocular surface inflammation was observed in patients with DM, despite no ocular surface symptoms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40119961What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.