ArticleScientific reports2025
Influence of experimental variables on spheroid attributes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mechanism-Informed Language Modeling and Oxygenated 3D Screening Identify Berberine-Enzalutamide Synergy in Prostate Cancer Models.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic responses to repeated exposure of human C3A liver spheroids to polystyrene nanoplastics.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Multimodal Biophysical Analysis of Morpho-Phenotypic and Morpho-Functional Dynamics in Normal and Cancer Spheroids within Engineered Microenvironments.Chemical & biomedical imaging · 2026Article
- Spheroid cultures reveal cancer stem cell enrichment and distinct chemotherapeutic response in triple-negative breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional spheroid models in breast cancer: tumor microenvironment complexity, cancer stem cell-driven resistance, and translational model integration.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Iron-endoplasmic reticulum-extracellular matrix axis regulates cancer cell invasion.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Peptide-Based Nanocomplexes Enable Transferrin-Mediated Uptake and p53-Driven Antitumor Activity in 2D and 3D Glioblastoma Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Aromatic Aminopropyl Lactams in Two Cancer Cell Models.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a human 3D multi-spheroid model derived from SH-SY5Y cells for cytotoxicity testing.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- From Technological Innovation to Clinical Translation: Progress and Challenges in 3D Bioprinting for the Development of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Models.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- From Luminal to Triple Negative: 3D Spheroids Reveal Molecular and Phenotypic Differences Across Breast Cancer Subtypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- An overview of the developments in 3D cancer cell models, assay techniques, and imaging modalities.Human cell · 2026Review
- Strategies to control cellular spatial organization in microphysiological systems.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Review
- Breast Cancer Multicellular Spheroid Models-A Tool for Studying Cancer Biology; a Possible Platform for Drug Screening and Personalized Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Language Modeling and Oxygenated 3D Screening Reveal Berberine and Enzalutamide Synergy in Resistant Prostate Cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Phenotypic transformation of HCC827 cells revealed by evaluation of human platelet lysate as a sustainable fetal bovine serum replacement.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Mechanical regulation of N2A neural cell behavior by microtissue densification.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2025Article
- Integrating Bioprinting and Increased Throughput: Next-Generation Models for Cardiac Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Animal product-free formation and cultivation of three-dimensional primary hepatocyte spheroids.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2025Article
- Three-dimensional spheroid models for cardiovascular biology and pathology.Mechanobiology in medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The adoption of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems represents a critical advancement in biomedical research, better mimicking complex 3D tissue environments than traditional two-dimensional (2D) models. However, variability in experimental outcomes has limited their reproducibility and clinical translation. Here, we systematically analyzed 32,000 spheroid images to identify key parameters influencing 3D model reliability. Our large-scale analysis revealed that oxygen levels significantly affect spheroid size and necrosis, while media composition (e.g., glucose and calcium concentrations) and serum levels (0-20%) critically regulate cell viability and structural integrity. For instance, spheroids cultured in 3% oxygen exhibited reduced dimensions and increased necrosis, whereas serum concentrations above 10% promoted dense spheroid formation with distinct necrotic and proliferative zones. By integrating single-cell RNA sequencing and automated image analysis, we uncovered dynamic gene expression patterns linked to spheroid maturation and hypoxia. These findings provide actionable guidelines for standardizing 3D culture protocols, addressing critical reproducibility challenges. Our work establishes a robust framework to enhance the reliability of 3D models in drug testing, personalized medicine, and tumor biology, facilitating their broader adoption in translational research.
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