ArticleHepatology (Baltimore, Md.)2026
Associations between metabolic syndrome and cholangiocarcinoma risk: A large-scale population-based cohort study.
Article in Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metabolic syndrome and cholangiocarcinoma: large numbers, small risks, but big implications.Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition · 2026Article
- Epidemiologic transition of biliary tract cancers in an endemic region of Korea: insights from a regional cancer center cohort.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Observational
- Article
- Metabolic syndrome and risk of sepsis and sepsis-related mortality: evidence from two large prospective cohort studies.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms and genetic features of cholangiocarcinoma: implications for targeted therapeutic strategies.Precision clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Identifying risk factors of biliary tract cancers using a large Japanese regional insurance claims database.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pathophysiology, development, and mortality of major non-communicable diseases in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A comprehensive review.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
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14 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsThis large-scale, population-based cohort study examined the associations between metabolic syndrome and cholangiocarcinoma risk, including its intrahepatic and extrahepatic forms. APPROACH AND
resultsA total of 4,932,211 adults aged ≥40 years participated in a government-initiated health checkup program (2012-2017), which collected lifestyle data, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical tests. Follow-up continued until 2021, with data linkage to National Cancer and Death Registries to ascertain the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma and obtain vital status information. Fine and Gray models accounted for competing risks. During 35,879,371 person-years of follow-up, 6117 cholangiocarcinoma cases were identified, with an incidence rate of 17.05 (95% CI: 15.90-18.20) per 100,000 person-years. Individuals with metabolic syndrome had significantly higher incidences of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ( p <0.0001). The multivariate-adjusted HR for cholangiocarcinoma among those with metabolic syndrome was 1.20 (1.14-1.27). Stratification analyses by age, sex, liver enzyme levels, and comorbidities consistently demonstrated an increased cholangiocarcinoma risk among individuals with metabolic syndrome. A dose-response relationship was observed, with a higher number of metabolic components correlating with an elevated cholangiocarcinoma risk, even after accounting for all-cause mortality as a competing risk. The adjusted subdistribution HRs ranged from 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02-1.32) for individuals with one metabolic component to 1.67 (95% CI: 1.45-1.94) for those with five ( p for trend <0.0001).
conclusionsThe positive association between metabolic syndrome and cholangiocarcinoma risk suggests that managing metabolic risk factors might reduce the occurrence of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
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