ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2025
Risk of Incident Tuberculosis Disease in a Large Integrated Health Care System in California, 2004-2022.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Role of Electronic Medical Record Automation in Latent Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment in a Large Health System.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
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12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Few studies have assessed tuberculosis (TB) disease incidence and risk in a large US-based cohort with long-term longitudinal follow-up. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study from 2004 to 2022, we assessed risk of incident microbiologically confirmed TB disease using Cox proportional hazards models. Primary exposures were (1) nativity and (2) high-risk medical conditions for progression to TB disease. Results: Among 4 761 427 adults with 35 591 565 person-years (PY) of follow-up, 12.3% were born in TB-endemic countries and 5.5% had a high-risk medical condition. In all, 1463 had incident TB disease (incidence rate, 4.11/100 000PY), with persons born in TB-endemic countries (incidence rate [IR], 17.6/100 000PY; 95% CI, 16.4-18.7/100 000PY) having higher TB disease rates than US-born persons (IR, 1.27/100 000PY; 95% CI, 1.09-1.44/100 000PY), with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 15.3 (95% CI, 13.2-17.9). Persons with high-risk conditions (IR, 11.3/100 000PY; 95% CI, 10.0-12.6/100 000PY) had higher TB disease rates than persons without any conditions (IR, 2.63/100 000PY; 95% CI, 2.43-2.82/100 000PY). Persons with HIV infection (aHR, 3.77; 95% CI, 2.7-3.89), hematologic malignancy (aHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.17-2.22), diabetes mellitus (aHR, 2.85; 95% CI, 2.53-3.20), end-stage renal disease (aHR, 2.84; 95% CI, 2.07-3.20), and those who had received corticosteroids (aHR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10-1.77) or other immunosuppressants (aHR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.73-3.24) had significantly increased TB disease risk compared with persons without those conditions. Persons born in TB-endemic countries accounted for 79.1% all TB cases among persons with high-risk conditions. Conclusions: Persons born in TB-endemic countries are the largest group and have the highest risk for developing TB disease in the United States, and thus should be prioritized for LTBI screening and treatment.
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