Hyper IgE Syndromes: Understanding, Management, and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review.

Background and Aim: Hyper IgE syndromes (HIES) are rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by susceptibility to specific infections, eczema, and elevated IgE levels. Pathogenic mutations in Methods: This review conducted an extensive search of information from multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, WHO, and ClinVar to ensure comprehensive coverage. Preference was given to articles published recently to capture the latest research and developments. Endnote was employed as a reference manager. The relevant literature was meticulously reviewed to address the objectives of the study. Results: Missense, nonsense, and frameshift variants are commonly observed in HIES. Understanding these genetic mutations is key to diagnosing and managing conditions such as Hyper-IgE recurrent infection syndromes (linked to IL6R, STAT3, and ZNF341 mutations), Atopy associated with ERBIN mutations which links STAT3 and TGF-β pathway, Immunodeficiency 23 (caused by PGM3 mutations), Netherton syndrome (resulting from SPINK5 mutations), and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (related to TGFBR mutations). Each year, new genes and variants responsible for this type of immune deficiency are added to the list. Conclusion: Although rare, HIES significantly impacts patients due to its complex medical manifestations and need for lifelong management. Identifying casual variants is essential for effective clinical management of these complex conditions.