ArticleNutrition journal2025
Association of the use of nonfood prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics with total and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study.
Article in Nutrition journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pro/synbiotics reduce systemic inflammation and improve gut health in Kenyan infants: An open label, randomized, 4-arm, phase II trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Trial
- Consumer Interest in Alternative Grains, Especially Sorghum: A Qualitative Investigation.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe use of nonfood prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics has approximately tripled in the last 20 years. It is necessary to examine the associations of these substances with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large prospective cohort.
methodsThis study included 53,333 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018. All participants answered questions on the use of dietary supplements and medications, including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Death outcomes were determined by linkage to National Death Index records through 31 December 2019. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mortality from all causes, heart diseases, cancer, and other causes.
resultsDuring a mean follow-up of 10.6 years, 9117 deaths were documented, including 2364 heart disease deaths, 1964 cancer deaths, and 4700 other causes deaths. Compared to nonusers, nonfood prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic users had a 59% (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.56), 56% (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.74), 49% (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.83), and 64% (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.59) for lower risk of all-cause, cancer, heart disease, and other causes mortality, respectively. Moreover, the inverse association of the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics with mortality was stronger in female participants and participants without hypertension.
conclusionThe use of nonfood prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics is significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality, as well as deaths from heart disease, cancer, and other causes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.