Predicting habitat suitability of Illicium griffithii under climate change scenarios using an ensemble modeling approach.

Climate change is the most significant threat to global biodiversity, risking extinction for many species due to their limited adaptability to rapidly changing environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and other climate variables. Illicium griffithii, an endangered tree with ecological and medicinal value, remains understudied, particularly in Arunachal Pradesh. The aim of the study is to identify key environmental variables influencing the current distribution of I. griffithii and to predict the potential distribution under current and future climatic scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585). We used an ensemble modeling approach that integrates five species distribution models (SDMs). After multicollinearity test, we utilized fifteen environmental variables including bioclimatic variables, soil properties, topographical variables, and evapotranspiration to predict the potential distribution of I. griffithii. The study revealed that the current distribution is predominantly influenced by isothermality, nitrogen content at 0-5 cm depth, clay content at 0-5 cm depth, and seasonality of precipitation, with a total contribution rate of 42.6%. The ensemble model performed robustly and found to be excellent performance based on AUC of 0.94 and TSS of 0.83. The total highly suitable area for I. griffithii spans 722.72 km