ArticleScientific reports2025
Optimization of cashew nut shell biodiesel production with industrial waste catalysts and butanol additives for ecofriendly CRDI engine applications.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Altitudinal influence on chemical composition, antioxidant potential and methyl ester profile of kapok seed oil: a sustainable biodiesel option.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Performance, combustion, emission and optimization characteristics of biodiesel-n-butanol blends enriched with NiScientific reports · 2026Article
- Parametric analysis of biodiesel synthesis from palm oil using homogenous base catalyst: experimental and numerical investigation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advanced prediction and optimization of VCR engine characteristics using RSM with DFA for sustainable biofuel derived from waste lemon Peel.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Stringent emission regulations and the depletion of conventional fuel sources drive research on green fuels, additives, and the optimization of fuel injection and exhaust gas recirculation. This study analyzes the impact of butanol additives in diesel and cashew shell liquid biodiesel (CSLB) blends under optimal operating conditions. CSLB was produced with an 85.43% yield from waste cashew nut shell liquid under optimal conditions: a methanol/CSL molar ratio (MR) of 20:1, a process temperature (PT) of 70 °C, and a 4 wt% industrial waste-derived heterogeneous catalyst (IC), using the desirability function approach in the RSM-CCD model. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, FTIR, and BET analyses to confirm its catalytic activity. Engine performance improvements were achieved with specific modifications, including 4° CA timing retardation, 15% split injection, and a 20% exhaust gas recirculation rate when using CSLB blends. In common rail direct injection (CRDI) experimental investigations, diesel and CSLB blends were combined with butanol additives (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and compared to the baseline test. Incorporating 10% butanol, with its higher latent heat, resulted in a lower combustion temperature, reducing NO
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