ArticleAnalytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry2025
Exploring liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro and in vivo using multimodal nonlinear optical imaging.
Article in Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation leads to the formation of liquid droplets (LqDs) such as P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In this study, we demonstrate the label-free visualization of LqDs using multimodal nonlinear optical imaging both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro measurements with polymerized adenine [poly(A)], we found significantly higher poly(A) concentrations in LqDs compared to surrounding solutions, with the limit of detection (LoD) of 32 mg/mL. In vivo measurements, we performed label-free imaging of C. elegans. Despite efforts to detect P granules within P lineage cells in both wild-type C. elegans and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged strains, no clear RNA-specific signals were observed. This indicates that the RNA concentration in P granules is lower than anticipated and falls below our in vitro LoD. These results underscore the challenges of label-free RNA detection in P granules.
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