ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Eighteen-Year Longitudinal Study of Uncomplicated and Complex Acute Otitis Media During the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era, 2006-2023.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Clinical effectiveness and impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease among children with risk conditions: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- A bacterial pangenome association study identifies a role for polyamine metabolism and alkaline tolerance in middle ear infections.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Plasma metabolomics in infancy reveals early signatures of a stringently-defined otitis-prone phenotype.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Article
- The Role of Pneumococcal and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Preventing Otolaryngological Diseases: Implications for Pediatric Practice.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Systematic analysis of global trends in otitis media burden across Socio-Demographic Index levels, 1990-2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe analyzed the demographic and risk factors, middle ear fluid (MEF) pathogens, pneumococcus serotype distribution, and bacterial antibiotic nonsusceptibility among children with uncomplicated acute otitis media (uAOM) and complex acute otitis media (cAOM) over 3 timeframes: 2006-2009 (7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV7] era), 2010-2014 (early 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV13] era), and 2015-2023 (late PCV13 era).
methodsA total of 1537 children were enrolled over 18 years and prospectively followed from 6 to 36 months of age. Upon diagnosis of AOM, tympanocentesis was performed for MEF collection and culture. Electronic medical records were analyzed to identify uAOM and cAOM episodes.
resultsAnalysis of demographic data showed that male sex, family history of AOM, and daycare attendance increased the odds of developing cAOM compared to uAOM. Streptococcus pneumoniae was less likely in cAOM, and Haemophilus influenzae more likely as compared to uAOM. AOM caused by S pneumoniae decreased significantly in the early and late PCV13 eras. This was driven by decreases in cAOM caused by PCV13 S pneumoniae strains, especially serotype 19A. Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin nonsusceptibility was associated with cAOM and declined in the early PCV13 era.
conclusionsThe risk factors for developing cAOM compared to uAOM are similar. PCV13 significantly reduced cAOM and penicillin nonsusceptibility associated with S pneumoniae, driven by reduction in cases caused by serotype 19A. Haemophilus influenzae continued to be a dominant cause of cAOM. Although non-PCV13 S pneumoniae serotypes emerged in the late PCV13 era, the lower level of cAOM caused by S pneumoniae was sustained.
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