Intraspecific variation in metabolic responses to diverse environmental conditions in the Malagasy bat Triaenops menamena.

Widespread species often display traits of generalists, yet local adaptations may limit their ability to cope with diverse environmental conditions. With climate change being a pressing issue, distinguishing between the general ecological and physiological capacities of a species and those of individual populations is vital for assessing the capability to adapt rapidly to changing habitats. Despite its importance, physiological variation across broad range distributions, particularly among free-ranging bats in natural environments, has rarely been assessed. Studies focusing on physiological variation among different populations across seasons are even more limited. We investigated physiological variation in the Malagasy Trident Bat Triaenops menamena across three different roost types in Madagascar during the wet and dry season, examining aspects such as energy regimes, body temperature, and roost microclimates. We focused on patterns of torpor in relation to roosting conditions. We hypothesized that torpor occurrence would be higher during the colder, more demanding dry season. We predicted that populations roosting in more variable microclimates would expend less energy than those in mores stable ones due to more frequent use of torpor and greater metabolic rate reductions. Our findings highlight complex thermoregulatory strategies, with varying torpor expression across seasons and roosts. We observed an overall higher energy expenditure during the wet season but also greater energy savings during torpor in that season, regardless of roost type. We found that reductions in metabolic rate were positively correlated with greater fluctuations in ambient conditions, demonstrating these bats' adaptability to dynamic environments. Notably, we observed diverse torpor patterns, indicating the species' ability to use prolonged torpor under extreme conditions. This individual-level variation is crucial for adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, the flexibility in body temperature during torpor suggests caution in relying solely on it as an indicator for torpor use. Our study emphasizes the necessity to investigate thermoregulatory responses across different populations in their respective habitats to fully understand a species' adaptive potential.