ReviewAnnals of medicine2025
Age-related changes in the immune system and challenges for the development of age-specific vaccines.
Review in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Regulatory T cells in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: a systematic review with structured narrative synthesis from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Humoral immune response to mRNA-based influenza vaccines in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of Saudi medicinePooled it
- Comparative immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 bivalent booster vaccines in US nursing home residents.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- A two-step model of age-associated autoreactivity: B cell-intrinsic aging meets inflammaging.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Aging in Schizophrenia: Clinical, Biological, and Psychosocial Perspectives.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Immune aging biomarkers for clinical trials.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Article
- Associations of serum PFAS with COVID-19 antibody levels among fully vaccinated adults.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Population-specific heterogeneity in ontogeny of the broadly-conserved blood transcriptional program during the first week of life.Nature communications · 2026Article
- AI-driven big data analysis and predictive modeling of infectious disease immunity: from correlates to causal, multiscale understanding.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Impact of Disease Severity and Age on Outcomes After Laparoscopic Versus Open Appendectomy: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Critical immunity gaps: Waning diphtheria protection among Yemen's displaced populations calls for urgent booster strategies.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Analysis of environmental risk factors, prevalence, and associated symptoms of Giardia intestinalis infection across age groups in Poland: a survey-based study.Parasitology research · 2026Article
- Association between shingles vaccination and slower biological aging: evidence from a US population-based cohort study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- From pathogen defence to precision health infrastructure: mRNA vaccines beyond infectious disease in preventive health, chronic disease management, and population wellbeing.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- PPD skin test positivity and in-hospital mortality across age groups in non-HIV tuberculous meningitis: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA better understanding of how the immune system evolves with age and how vaccines work in older people has led to increasing focus on the development of vaccines aimed specifically at older age groups. We discuss strategies used to improve vaccine immunogenicity for older adults, focusing on licensed adjuvants.
findingsWith age-related immune decline (immunosenescence), older adults face increased vulnerability to infections and severe complications. Immunosenescence affects T-cell and B-cell populations and innate immunity, leading to reduced chemotaxis, cytotoxicity, and altered cytokine production. This contributes to inflammaging-low-grade, chronic inflammation linked to aging. However, immune responses vary due to genetics and life-long exposures, making chronological age an imperfect indicator of immune health. Vaccination remains key to prevention, yet immune dysfunction complicates vaccine efficacy. Strategies to enhance responses in older adults include mRNA vaccines, high-antigen content vaccines, intradermal administration, and adjuvants. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines generated strong immune responses in older adults, though lower than in younger groups. High-antigen content influenza vaccines have shown superior efficacy compared to standard vaccination. Adjuvants offer a well-established approach to boosting vaccine responses by enhancing innate immunity.
conclusionsOf various strategies used to improve immunogenicity of vaccines for older adults, adjuvants have been the most consistently effective and practical. More recently, mRNA vaccines have also shown great promise.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.