Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40110544›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2025

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.

Kaifeng Xie, Haihong Cao, Shiyun Ling, Jiameng Zhong, Haitao Chen, Penghui Chen, Renfa Huang

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
47citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

47 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Kaifeng XieNephropathy Department, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
Haihong CaoNephropathy Department, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
Shiyun LingNephropathy Department, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
Jiameng ZhongNephropathy Department, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
Haitao ChenNephropathy Department, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
Penghui ChenNephropathy Department, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
Renfa HuangNephropathy Department, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to represent a significant public health concern, with both prevalence and incidence rates on the rise globally. Therefore, the study employed the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database to investigate the global burden of CKD from 1990 to 2021. Methods: This study utilized data from the GBD 2021. Join-point regression models were developed for the estimation of the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the prevalence and mortality rates of CKD. Subsequently, stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the trends in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and DALYs rate for CKD across diverse populations between 1990 and 2021. Moreover, the influence of age, gender, and socio-demographic index (SDI) on the burden of CKD among patients from 1990 to 2021 was examined. Furthermore, the projection of the burden of CKD from 2022 to 2032 was also conducted. Results: The AAPC for prevalence and mortality rates across the entire period spanning 1990 to 2021 was 0.92 and 2.66, respectively. A notable increase in the DALYs and DALYs rate for CKD was demonstrated over time, indicating a growing CKD burden on society since 1990. Furthermore, the DALYs rates for CKD were lowest in the 5-9 year age group for both genders, rising thereafter with age. Notably, the DALYs rate for CKD was higher in males than in females. Regions with higher SDI, generally exhibited a lower burden of CKD, while less developed regions, demonstrated the opposite pattern. Additionally, the age-standardized prevalence and mortality rates for CKD would be projected to increase to 8,773.85 and 21.26 per 100,000 individuals, respectively, by 2032. Conclusion: The research indicated a gradual increase in the global prevalence and mortality rates of CKD over time, which might prompt the formulation of more efficient health policies to alleviate its burden.

Indexed as

Global Burden of DiseaseRenal Insufficiency, ChronicAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolCost of IllnessDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceInfantMalechronic kidney diseasedisability-adjusted life-yearsdisease burdenGBD 2021join-point regression model

Identifiers

PMID40110544
PMCPMC11919670

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.